Chemistry of life

Any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

Only required by organisms in a really small quantities

the basic unit of a chemical element that retains its chemical properties

Center of an atom

positively charged subatomic particles

Uncharged particles

A subatomic particle that has a negative charge

Same Number of protons but different in the number of neutrons

Two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

the forces that hold atoms or ions together in a compound

Charged atoms

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Partial positive charge

Partial negative charge

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

Weak chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom that is also attracted to another electronegative atom; individually weak, but strong in large numbers

Strong tendency for water molecules to stick together

Likes to stick to other substances

The ability of a water to flow against gravity up a narrow tube

the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object exactly 1°C; The ability of a substance to store heat

compounds that contain carbon

Contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen

A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar

Bond between two monosaccharides

Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

Water is used to break down a polymer

Many repeated units of monosaccharides

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

96% of mass of organisms

Attraction between two oppositely charged ions

Because ice is less dense than water, water expands on freezing

Contains many hydrogen ions; having a pH below 7; acidity

Release a lot of hydroxide ions; alkaline

A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution; logarithmic

on pH scale, 7 is neutral

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. C6H12O6

A monosaccharide found predominantly in fruit and honey

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver and muscle cells

where plants stockpile a-glucose in form of starch

Building blocks of protein

NH2

-COOH

The distinguishing group of atoms of a particular amino acid; also known as a side chain.

The distinguishing group of atoms of a particular amino acid; also known as a R group

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound

Two amino acids bonded together at the carboxyl group

The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

polypeptide chain twisted and folded on itself

Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol, functions as structural component of cell membranes, sources of insulation, and energy storage

triglyceride, each of the carboxyl groups of the three fatty acid's reacts with one of the three hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule, formed by dehydration synthesis

lipids that are liquid at room temperature

Contain two fatty acid tails and one negatively charged phosphate head

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Consists of three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.

Linkage formed between the glycerol molecule and the fatty acid

One covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms

Adjacent carbons are joined by double bonds

Many double bonds within the fatty acid

Water hating

Water loving

Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (ex. Fatty acid tails are hydrophobic because they are nonpolar but phosphate head is hydrophilic because it carries a negative charge and is attracted the positive end of a molecule

Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides building blocks of DNA and RNA

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose DNA

responsible for transmiting genetic info from the DNA; RNA

Hypothesized that life arose from the chemicals in the atmosphere; primordial soup hypothesis

Conducted an experiment attempting to prove chemical evolution

tested the Oparin-Haldane model

organisms that get their energy by eating other living or once living resources

organisms that get their energy from nonliving resources