Geology Exam 4

A glacier is a _____ that forms over hundreds or thousands of years

Which of the following locations does not currently have glaciers

when was the last glacial maximum

the Laurentide ice sheet is an example of _____ glaciation

______ is an elevation point above which snow remains throughout the year

which crevasse will form perpendicular to the terminus as a glacier moves over a change in slope

why are the ice shelves off antarctica breaking off

arêtes, horns, and hanging valleys are evidence of ______ glaciation

_____ is an erosional method where meltwater penetrates fractures in subglacial bedrock and freezes

what shape do glacial troughs generally display

A _____ is a small, circular lake that occupies a cirque basin

a(n) ______ is a sharp, knife-edged ridge that forms between

which part of a glacier is responsible for abrasion and plucking

how is "rock flour" formed

long narrow grooves gouged into the rock by glacial erosion are called _____

_____ are stratified sands and gravels carried away from the glacial terminus by meltwater

______ is unsorted, unstratified, bimodal sediment directly deposited by the glacial ice

which moraine marks the furthest extent of glacial ice

read the following exerpt from "The works of john playfair (1822). What glacial landform is being described?

"...For the moving of large masses of rock, the most powerful engines without doubt that nature employs are the glaciers....[Rock] fragments they gradually transport to their utmost boundaries, where a formidable wall ascertains the magnitude, and attests the force, of the great engine by which it was erected

lateral and medial moraines are found in connection with _____ glaciation

which of the following best explains the formation of a medial moraine on a glacier

deposits of stratified sands and gravels transported from the glacial margin by meltwater are called a(n) ______ when adjacent to an ice sheet and a(n) ______ when adjacent to an alpine glacier

what bodies of water are formed when a stagnant block of glacial ice near the terminus becomes partly or completely buried in glacial sediments, eventually melting to create a lake

which of the following scenarios can lead to the formation of a kame

which state would you not expect to contain drumlines, eskers, and kettle lakes

What name doe we give to large boulders that have been carried long distances by glacial ice

how does isostatic rebound affect a glacial landscape after the glacier is removed

what is a pluvial lake

which continent had the greatest area covered by glaciers at the height of the ice age

which of the following is not part of the Milankovitch cycle

traditionally, a region is defined as a desert if it receives less than _____ cm of rain per year

from a climatological perspective, a region is a desert if _____

a true desert is defined by a lack of what substance

most dry lands exist between _____ degrees latitude on either side of the equator

which of the following statements about deserts is true

which of the following areas is known for its rainshadow deserts

within water-deficient regions, two climatic types are recognized. what are they

deserts from in the subtropical regions as a result of _____

what is the definition of an ephemeral stream

there are many names for ephemeral desert streams that remain empty for most of the year. which of the following is not another name for an ephemeral desert stream

______ weathering is most common in a desert environment

which of the following can contain large quantities of evaporite minerals such as borate and halite

which desert location in the united states consists of alternating mountain ranges and flat-bottomed valleys as a result of fault-block mountains

why doesn't interior drainage, such as the drainage that develops in deserts, flow out of the desert

how was the salt pan at death valley created? what is the name of such a desert feature

a steep sided, flat topped desert hill is known as a(n) _____

______ refers to the bouncing motion sands will display when transported by moving water or wind

which size(s) of sediment commonly make up most of winds suspended load

which set of characteristics would best fit a geologically recent fault-block mountain uplift

which mechanical weathering process is most common in an arid environment

what makes up the bulk of the wind-transported suspended load

what process creates desert blowouts

there is no one maximum depth for desert blowouts. they vary in depth depending on conditions present at the location. what controls the depth of all blowouts

a(n) ______ is a smooth, polished rock that has been abraded by the wind

what is a yardang

the _____ was a period of drought in the 1930s in the united states that resulted in significant dust storms blowing fine sediment for hundreds of miles

_____ are mounds and ridges of and that are deposited by the wind

deposits of silt carried by blowing winds are referred to as _____

the central united states is covered with extensive deposits of loess. where did this loess come from

long ridges of sand that form more or less parallel to the prevailing wind where sand supplies are moderate are called ______ dunes

the _____ is the line that marks the contact between land and sea

what is the fetch

under which conditions will a wave be considered a deepwater wave

when will a deepwater wave change to shallow water wave as it approaches shore

what is the wave base

if the distance from one wave crest to the next is 10 ft., what will the depth to the wave base be

as the quantity of energy transferred to the wave increases, what will happen to the height and the steepness of the wave

defined by breaking waves in the surf zone, which two terms describe the directions of water movement associated with a wave breaking on the beach

circular orbital motion in waves will occur in ____ water

which circumstance will force a wave displaying circular orbital motion to slow down at the base, which allows the wave to break

abrasion will be greatest in which part of the beach environment

what term describes the bending of waves

_____ form when waves that approach the beach at an angle and produce a net current direction that is parallel to the shore, resulting in beach drift

______ is a strong current formed by backwash concentrated into small channels and flows rapidly away from the beach

which of the following will not occur as the result of longshore currents

which of the following scenarios is not related to wave refraction

if you happen to be caught in a rip current, what is the best way to get to safety

why does hawaii have black sands on some beaches

a _____ is hard shoreline stabilization feature, detached from the shoreline, that protects shorelines from the pounding of waves by creating an area of quiet water behind it

which of the following deposition/erosion scenarios will develop when a groin is constructed on the beach

which of the following is an artificial coastal feature

a ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another island is known as a ______

a(n) _____ coast will be created when sea level rises or the land subsides

a(n) ______ coast will be created when sea level falls or the land is uplifted

what system of measurement is used to categorize the strength of a hurricane

hurricanes get their energy from _____ water

what prevents hurricanes from developing in the band five degrees on either side of the equator

the erosional retreat of a coastal cliff will lead to the enlargement of a ______

during the last glaciation, a large tongue of glacial ice occupied lake Michigan for thousands of years. Now, several thousand years after the retreat of the ice, an emergent coastline is developing along part of the lake. What geologic process is creating an emergent coastline in lake Michigan

what generates tides on the earth

The _____ explains the formation of the solar system by describing how the sun and planets formed from a rotating cloud of interstellar gases

an estimated 99.85% of the mass in the solar system is concentrated in ______

what is a planetesimal

_____ is the speed required for an object to escape a planets gravitational force

orbital periods of jovian planets range from ____ to _____ years

mercury is very hot on one side and very cold on the other side. Why might that be the case

which of the following processes created the lunar maria

what is the age of the moon

the major bombardment period that shaped much of the surface of the moon ended _______

because of the low relative mass, the gravitational attraction on the moon is _____ that of the earth