Ap euro Notes Chap. 1 

________, the breakdown of the feudal system, and centralizing monarchs.

He produced a(n) ________ theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries.

________ were better fighters and required no land & only small sums in comparison to the knights who proved less efficient against men with sticks or longbows.

________- a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism.

________ was the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers.

Trade, ________, and centralizing monarchs.

________ was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353.

The ________- he period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices.

The idea of merging current knowledge and church knowledge.

1400

%%The Hundred Years' War was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages

The period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices

clergy

Nobility

the common people

the social system that developed in Europe in the 8th century; vassals were protected by lords who they had to serve in war

the greatest of the Scholastic philosophers. He produced a comprehensive synthesis of Christian theology and Aristotelian philosophy that influenced Roman Catholic doctrine for centuries. (10 reasons why god is real)

a political entity in Europe that began with the papal coronation of Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until 1806 when it was dissolved by Napoleon

any of several churches claiming to have maintained historical continuity with the original Christian Church. Also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church (center of medieval life)

a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of England and France during the Late Middle Ages. (1337-1453)

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon rather than in Rome

the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices

the theory of church government that places final ecclesiastical authority in representative church councils instead of in a papacy

any belief or theory that is firmly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular, the accepted beliefs of the church

a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism.

Mercenaries were better fighters and required no land & only small sums in comparison to the knights who proved less efficient against men with sticks or longbows. This meant kings needed money not nobles to win wars.

Fewer peasants + nobles still need labor = peasants are paid more, and have better lives.

The hectic split of the church into 3 factions undermined church authority and legitimacy.

an intellectual movement typified by a revived interest in the classical world and studies which focussed not on religion but on what it is to be human.

a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations

characterized by clarity of form, sober colors, shallow space, strong horizontal and verticals that render that subject matter timeless (instead of temporal as in the dynamic Baroque works)

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics.

a type of perspective used by artists in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting. an effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something.

a form of republicanism developed in the Renaissance inspired by the governmental forms and writings of classical antiquity, especially such classical writers as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero.

was an Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian who lived during the Renaissance. He is best known for his political treatise The Prince

wrote Il Cortegiano or The Book of the Courtier, a courtesy book dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the courtier

a system of philosophical and theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism and Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism. centered on the idea of a single supreme source of goodness and being in the universe from which all other things descend.

was one of the first to resurrect the humanism of ancient Greek philosophy. He also believed that every religion shares some elements of truth, and set out to create a synthesis of several great religions and major philosophies including those of Plato and Aristotle.

Italian humanist, architect, and principal initiator of Renaissance art theory. In his personality, works, and breadth of learning, he is considered the prototype of the Renaissance “universal man.”

Florence is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region.

aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century

formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa

officially the State of the Church, were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 until 1870.

thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome

The disorganization of the Holy Roman Empire, its ongoing dispute with the papacy over the extent of Church authority in secular government and absentee foreign overlords left Italians largely self-governing within their communes.

an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries

Constantinople was the capital of the Roman Empire, and later, the Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.

was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.

were military campaigns largely conducted between the 11th and 13th century CE to liberate southern Portuguese and Spanish territories, then known as al-Andalus, from the Muslim Moors who had conquered and held them since the 8th century CE.

a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.

the exchange of goods and people between the Old World and the New World during the Age of Exploration.

an economy based on agricultural mass production, usually of a few commodity crops, grown on large farms worked by laborers or slaves.

was a 16th-century Spanish landowner, friar, priest, and bishop, famed as a historian and social reformer.

coining the word "Utopia," in reference to an ideal political system in which policies are governed by reason

Montaigne applies and illustrates his ideas concerning the independence and freedom of the self and the importance of social and intellectual intercourse in all his writings and in particular in his essay on the education of children.

the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland

city in the southern highlands of Bolivia.

a historical region in east-central France. It's famous for its Burgundy wines as well as pinot noirs and Chardonnay, Chablis and Beaujolais

was the Duke of Burgundy from 1467 to 1477. Charles's main objective was to be crowned king by turning the growing Burgundian State into a territorially continuous kingdom.

a concept developed by European historians during the first half of the 20th century to characterize 15th-century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments.

a royal house of Welsh-French origin that held the English throne

were very important in European history. They first ruled parts of Switzerland in the 13th century. They ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary for more than 600 years, and also sometimes owned Spain and the Netherlands.(chin)

was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555

underlined the centrality of conflict in European culture and society and also helped ensure that Europe would have a "multipolar" character, with no one power dominant. The Habsburgs won, but France was not crushed.