AP Bio: Unit 4

Cell secretes ligand

Signaling via direct cell contact between sender and receiver.

Cell secretes ligand affecting nearby cells; local regulators.

Long-distance ligand travel; hormones like insulin.

Process determining cell response to environmental signals.

Chemical signals for cell communication; e.g.

Ligands interacting with cell membrane receptors.

Ligands crossing cell membrane

Initial step in signal transduction; ligand binding to target cell receptor.

Regulate cell signaling processes to maintain homeostasis.

Process where genes synthesize proteins; regulated by ligands.

Controlled by signal transduction pathways in response to ligands.

Abnormalities affecting cell response to environmental signals.

Protein on cell membrane or in cytosol binding ligands

Shape change in receptor upon ligand binding

Chemical reactions post-ligand binding guiding cell response

Series of reactions amplifying cell response to a signal

Enzymes transferring phosphate groups to activate molecules

Enzymes removing phosphate groups to inactivate molecules

Proteins producing secondary messengers like cAMP

Final step resulting from ligand interaction

Mutations affecting ligand-receptor interactions or signaling

System returning to normal state to maintain stability

Hormone lowering blood glucose levels by promoting glucose absorption

Hormone raising blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown

Process amplifying cell processes

Internal stability and balance in living organisms

Series of stages for cell growth

Longest phase preparing cell for division and DNA replication

Cell division ensuring accurate genome transfer to daughter cells

Division of cytoplasm and cellular contents after mitosis

Stage where nondividing cells exit the cell cycle

Mitotic phase with condensed chromosomes and spindle fiber formation

Chromosomes aligning along the cell equator in mitosis

Chromatids splitting and moving to opposite cell ends in mitosis

Nuclear membranes forming around separated chromosomes in mitosis

Cell cycle phase where cells may enter at any point

Regulatory points during the cell cycle ensuring proper progression

Enzymes adding phosphate groups to molecules

Proteins varying in levels

Complex formed by cyclin-dependent kinases bound to cyclins

Non-reproductive cells in an organism

Regulation of cell division based on cell density

Requirement for cells to be attached to a surface to divide

Genes regulating controlled cell growth

Mutated proto-oncogenes promoting uncontrolled cell division

Genes coding for proteins that prevent abnormal cell division

Programmed cell death

Tumor suppressor gene mutation linked to increased cancer risk