Unfinished Nation - Chapters 1-19 Review

the area and countries surrounding the Atlantic Ocean and the trade, relationship, and other contact between them in the Atlantic region

Spanish conquistador who was also a priest/friar, saw the native people in Hispaniola as "little lambs" and kind and impressionable people. While he wanted to treat them with kindness, he infantilized them more than respected them

a trading center for furs and fish near what is now St. Louis, thriving Native American populations dwelled there with prosperous networks of life and trade

an agreement or contract from a European power to send men and resources to colonize or settle in the "New World"

born in Genoa, Italy, explored and set forward to find a faster route to East Asia and instead found, started trade, and exploited Indigenous people in the West Indies

ancient migrants who came from the ice bridge to America through Russia/Alaska and settled in various areas of the continent(s)

one country taking a new land/people by force and setting up new settlements and land

a group of people from a foreign place still governed by their home country's rulers

Spanish conquerors who explored much of America and exploited native people

Queen of England, Queen Mary's half sister, severed England from Catholic Church permanently

exploitation of labor and land from native people by the Spanish colonists

the increased production, communication, and relationships created and kept between foreign countries and powers

using power over colonization, military force, economic wealth, and population to grow country

the use of trade as economic power and growth (often fighting for land and industrial gains between large European nations)

region of central/south America

people of both Spanish and Indigenous race

Native American religious leader who led a revolution against the Spanish in Pueblo Revolt, against the Catholic church and the treatment of the Spanish colonizers

Martin Luther lead a new religion breaking off from Catholicism, created a schism of several Protestant churches

Christians who wanted to purify the Church of England, claimed they had "pure" values and could live their intended lives under god's will

those who completely separated from the Catholic Church in England, some were Protestant, Puritans, often left for the colonies seeking religious freedom

colony that disappeared, left colonists in dismay and hard weather as resources and population dwindled

outspoken socialite in Massachusetts, challenged religious beliefs and teachings of Christian Separatists in the area, kicked out of the colony for her views and questioning

belief that one can go against the laws of ruling society to not obey the law of either God or man, most notably promoted in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson

Nathaniel Bacon lead a group of disgruntled white, Black, and Native American workers to fight when needed for territorial issues, against the will of William Berkeley

the second Lord Baltimore, carried out the wishes of his father and received a charter to settle the colony now called Maryland

a single government with a higher governor and authoritative power in order for England to establish its dominance over the colonies in the late 1600s-1700s, ordered by King James II

first Lord Baltimore who wanted to establish Maryland colony, intended as a real estate expansion and refuge for English Catholics, died before he could receive a charter

each settler is granted a set amount of land upon arrival, used to entice larger populations of settlers to move and establish a colony

people owing a debt or payment of service to another man, is contracted to work for them for a set amount of time before being free of contract

among New York's tensions, he was a leader of dissidents and raised a militia to capture a city fort and proclaim himself head of government in New York, lasted for two years

general who was essential to settling Georgia (final colony), used his military background for strategy in defense and setting up land with poorer "farmer-soldiers"

Early colonial town in Virginia along the "James" river, set up by English settlers and survived brutally harsh winters with dwindling resources and population of colonists

Captain of the ship that explored and settled Jamestown in Virginia colony, made tentative peace with the Powhatan tribes in the area and gained resources as well as knowledge from them

settler in Jamestown, helped run operations and started successfully farming tobacco in Virginia, married Pocahontas and converted her to Christianity

selected leader of the Massachusetts Bay Company

brutal war between white settlers (mainly Puritans) in Massachusetts and the Wampanoag tribe, instigated by Metacom (aka Philip) and made worse by the settlers

chartered by James I to start their own settlement in the area of Massachusetts/New Hampshire, established their colony of Puritan settlers and were under their own charter which meant they were "responsible to no company officials in England"

first independent form of government in the colony, created on the Mayflower voyage by the pilgrims, gave freedom and laws to act on their own in "new world"

called Philip by the Puritans, son of Wampanoag tribe chief Massasoit, broke the tentative peace created by his father due to unfair and harsh treatment of his people

areas with less strong or stable settlements, often the center of diverse groups, countries, and environments all together, includes areas such as the Chesapeake, Caribbean islands, etc.

laws to control imports and exports of goods from the colonies, they could only go through England, had to be taxed under English law, and were part of British empire (not heavily enforced by England for decades)

fighting between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and Pequot Indians, the settlers ended up wiping out most if not all of the tribes in the area

settlement in Massachusetts where pilgrims first arrived, small and poor Puritan plantation mostly relying on fish and fur trade in the area

Native Americans in the Virginia region, interacted and traded with John Smith and his settlers in early Jamestown

religious group, also known as "Friends," who believed that everyone could attain salvation and had divinity within them, confirmed pacifists (while some did own slaves)

man who founded Rhode Island colony for religious freedom, became home of many Quakers as well, and was controversial for his outspoken religious tolerance

rules set in place by English leaders in the colonies/middle grounds that state any slave is property of the white master. Masters would receive no punishment for the poor treatment, abuse, or death/murder of slaves, also said that children of slaves would be enslaved too

a government directly tied with a religion, all rulings, policies, and the way it affects people are tied into the religion and the beliefs of how the people ruling interpret the religion

Virginia company's delegates that met and ran the colony, meetings under to house of burgesses which became first elected legislature in what would become the United States

governor of Virginia for over 30 years, grew and expanded Virginia colony

received a charter from King James II, used it to found large settlement named Pennsylvania, was a Quaker who wanted to start a prosperous colony while also being religiously tolerant of all Christians and to native tribes

Puritan theologian who started popularization of inoculation (vaccination for smallpox), solidifying it as a common medical procedure in America by the 1750s

a Puritan belief that an individual's relationship with God and with others rested on mutual respect, duty, and consent

an intellectual movement that stressed the importance of science and reason in the pursuit of truth

a devout person who aims to convert others to the faith through preaching and missionary work

the first major American religious revival, begun in earnest in the 1730s

the first college founded in America (1636)

argued that the human body was governed by four "humors," yellow biles, black bile, blood, adn phlegm. If one is more than the other and unbalanced, you need to release the excess fluids or humors, often used as justification for bloodletting or purging

temporary servitude, where usually young white men bound themselves to masters for a certain amount of years (usually 4-5) in exchange for housing, clothing, food, and passage to the colonies. however, many weren't provided with these necessities and suffered

sermons of despair in Puritan churches where priests preached ominous sign of waning piety and religious strength

New York publisher who published a print criticizing the government, and didn't end up facing persecution for it, started the precedent of more freedom for the press

a popular preacher from the Great Awakening, he spread word of God, attracting people to the ideas of the Puritan religion

long transatlantic journey to the Americas, between west Africa and southern colonies or Caribbean, enslaved people in horrible conditions during the journey and afterwards

time period during the 1680s-1690s where mass "hysteria" around witches and witchcraft in mainly Puritan communities was rampant. Many were accused of witchcraft and condemned to publicly hang or be executed in other tortuous ways, and notably most who were accused and executed were widowed or unmarried women

Scotch Presbyterians who settled in northern Ireland, many eventually immigrating to the British colonies

100 slaves banded together, seized weapons, killed several white people, and tried to escape south to Florida, however most were caught and executed

the trading paths between the colonies, Caribbean, England, and West Africa across the Atlantic, shipping and bartering raw materials, processed goods, crops, and slaves

a treaty drawn up between the Iroquois Native Americans and delegates from the New England and middle colonies during the French and Indian war, nobody approved it

man who made scientific discoveries surrounding electricity and lightning, brought up issues of the Stamp Act with Parliament, Son of Liberty, negotiated with the French to gain much-need allies during the Revolutionary war

dockworkers (aka liberty boys) started pelting sentries at the customs house, eventually leading to soldiers firing and killing five people in the crowd that gathered. Many details are murky and propaganda spread in exaggerating the event, leading to more tensions

aka "Intolerable Acts," following the Boston Tea Party they established four acts of closing the port of Boston, stripping powers of self-government in Massachusetts, permitting royal officers in America to be tried for crimes in other colonies or GB, and colonists forced to quarter troops, made MA a martyr situation and sparked resistance

a loose intercolonial network of political organizations used to keep dissent spreading through the 1770s, publicized grievances against Britain

person of European ancestry born in the Americas

a women's organization who led the Tea Act boycott, sentiment and words of "rather than Freedom, we'll part with our Tea."

delegates from all colonies except Georgia met in 1774, creating five major decisions amidst the outrage of GBs actions in the colonies

a crude stockade built by George Washington and his men while in conflict with a French patrol on the way to Fort Duquesne, Washington surrendered, first conflict in the French and Indian war

war from late 1750s to early 1760s, between the english and the french who were allied with the Iroquois tribe

prime minister appointed by George III in 1763, also imposed heavy restrictions and taxes on colonies to pay for cost of defending and administering the empire

king of england from 1760-1820, lead the english in the american revolution, imposed heavy taxes and other legislative acts on the colonies which led to tensions, tried to establish a more absolute monarchy which backfired and created instability

British commanders forcibly enlisted colonists into the army (like a draft)

five Native American indian nations who formed a powerful alliance to protect from threats to themselves and their tribes (comprised of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, nad Oneida tribes)

planter and lawyer who made a speech to the House in 1765, called for Americans to have same rights as the British and spread the discontent of taxation without representation

a band of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who massacred Conestoga Native Americans in 1763-1764, pushback from the proclamation of 1763

chief who led a coalition of Native Americans to plan a united rebellion against British rule in the Ohio valley, continued to contest British control for decades to come

British declaration which forbade settlers to advance beyond the Appalachian mountains, tried to ease tensions between Native Americans and the english

two years into the conflict caused by the French and Indian war, its conflict expanded into Europe and other regions where it was renamed, British eventually won and gained power in the colonies due to their victory

organized group of men who had forward thinking ideas and clandestine meetings, many key figures in the Revolutionary war were a part of this group

the authority to govern, many colonists had an issue with this and how they were governed, as British's governance in practice was heavily unpopular and rebelled against

new tax applying to all the colonies, taxed every printed document including newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses, etc, set precedent of Britain raising revenue from the colonies without the consent of the colonial assemblies

a series of tariffs and rules strictly enforced on imports and exports from the colonies, including sugar, molasses, timber, and iron

passed by Britain in 1773, game Britain's East India Company right to export merchandise directly to colonies without paying any of the regular taxes that were imposed on colonial importers, lead to extremely upset colonists who responded by boycotting tea

taxes imposed by Charles Townshend, taxed on various goods imported to the colonies from GB including lead, paint, paper, and tea in an attempt to calm colonial tensions and balance the dissent from the Quartering act. this backfired and faced extreme rejection

Patrick Henry's resolutions on unjust taxation without representation by Britain

theory that every person part of the British empire was represented as a person under the crown's rule rather than a demographic, meaning the colonies, Ireland, and parts of London weren't literally represented in Parliament and had little to no voice in those matters

British secretary of state (future prime minister) brought the seven year's war fully under British control, planned military strategy, appointed commanders, and issued orders to the colonists (imposed impressment)

John Adams wife, pushed him to include the ideas of women and women's rights in the new constitution and foundations being created in the colonies

Congress's original plans for a union, trying to build a strong federal government but had issues as the states were weak under a decentralized system

battle between Miami Native Americans and US forces led by General Anthony Wayne, US defeated the Miami and forced them off their lands, as well as coercing them to sign treaties ceding their lands

General for the rebels, seized Fort Ticonderoga to threaten takeover north towards Quebec, fought in North/New England colonies

Thomas Paine's pamphlet that encouraged people to use "common sense" and to seek complete independence from Britain, citing the fact that GB was overextending it's reach