Key Terms ITI Exam 2

Regulation

Mechanisms through which behaviors are controlled or influenced, including norms, markets, and architecture.

Code as Law

The idea that software and hardware code can regulate behavior in cyberspace similar to how laws regulate behavior in physical space.

Liberty and Regulation

The balance between freedom and various forms of regulation that can protect or infringe upon individual liberties.

Transparency and Accountability

The importance of clarity about who is regulating and how, to ensure regulators are accountable for their actions.

Technology as Hardware

Viewing technology strictly as tools and machines.

Technology as Rules

Understanding technology as systems of rules or procedures.

Technology as System

A comprehensive view that includes both the hardware and the human context of use.

Technology as Applied Science

The misconception that technology solely stems from the application of scientific knowledge.

Technological Systems

Complexes that include hardware, knowledge, skills, organizations, and individuals.

Technology's Impact

The idea that technology's usefulness depends on its application and doesn't inherently make the world better or worse.

Tool for Work

Technology as a tool useful for certain types of work.

Designed Communication

Technology communicates how it should be used.

Autonomous Technologies

Some technology can work on its own, but human input is often essential.

ARPANET

The precursor to the modern Internet, developed by DARPA.

Why did DARPA build ARPAnet

Intended for government and defense department, internet communication must continue despite loss of networks or gateways, internet must support multiple types of communications service.

Packet-switching

A method of data transmission where data is broken into packets and sent through a network.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

A set of networking protocols that enable different networks to communicate, forming the basis of the Internet.

Network of networks

Concept leading to the creation of the modern Internet, allowing different networks to interconnect.

Commercialization of the Internet

Cerf’s efforts in expanding the Internet beyond military and research use to the general public and commercial sectors.

Sequence number

Data packets are labeled with one to put them in the correct order.

Hypertext

Non-linear text systems allowing links between documents.

Linked Information Systems

Systems where information is interconnected through links.

Nodes and Links

Fundamental elements of hypertext systems, representing information pieces and connections.

Distributed Hypertext System

A decentralized approach to managing and accessing interconnected documents.

Non-Centralization

Design principle allowing systems to grow and interconnect without central control.

OSI Model

A framework to understand how networks function, organizing layers from physical to abstract.

Layers of the OSI Model

Layers are organized from the most tangible and most physical, to less tangible but closer to the end user. Each layer abstracts lower level functionality away until by the time you get to the highest layer.

P-D-N-T-S-P-A

Physical, Data Link, Network, Transmission, Session, Presentation, Application.

Traceroute

A tool that shows the route data takes across the internet.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Packets

Used by traceroute to test the path.

Hops

Each jump from one router to another in the data path.

Acronym for Layers of OSI Model

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away.

Whitespace

Used to make lists visually clear in code.

Four spaces

One tab (usually), python doesn’t care if you manually space or tab.

Iteration

How to loop through lists in code, whitespace matters.

Mutability

Ability to remove, add, or change elements in code.

Indexing in Lists

The first item is at index 0.

Lists in Code

Can put numbers or lists in a list, can have an empty list.

Google's original name

Backrub.

Sir Tim Berners Lee

Creator of the World Wide Web (www).

PageRank

Produces a global ranking of web pages based on their location in the web’s graph structure.

3 tips for coding

Case sensitivity, quoting variables, code comments.

Case sensitivity (architectural rule)

Codes may not work due to caps lock, be mindful of capitalization. Ex: “Print(“Hello World”)” the P is capital outside of the “string”.

To quote or not to quote

Use quotes when printing a variable to print the exact thing in the quote. Ex: print(“hello world”) will print hello world, but if you do “greeting= “Hello World!” and then do print(greeting) - this will print hello world

Code comments (social rule)

Use comments to provide the intention of the following lines of code.

Wrap

Put quotes around in code.

Narcissism of Minor Differences

The tendency to use minor differences as a rationale for hostility.

HCC (Human Centered Computing)

A systems view including people and computing.

Tools of sociotechnical systems

Regulatory factors that constrain and enable behaviors.

4 factors

Legal, social norms, market forces, architecture.

Concatenation

Putting one thing after another, not the same as

Interactive mode

running individual python commands in an interactive “real time” console

Script mode

writing a series of python commands in a file and executing that file

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Packets

Used by traceroute to test the path

Technological Determinism

The theory that technology determines the development of society’s structure and cultural values.

Cultural Determinism

The counterpoint to technological determinism suggests that cultural and societal values shape technological development.

Soft Determinism

A middle-ground perspective acknowledging both technological trends and human agency.

Cultural Lag

The idea that technology changes faster than society can adapt to it