Studied by 0 peopleIdentify the periods for: the 1920s, the Great Depression, and the New Deal.
1920s: 1920-1929 The Great Depression: 1929-1932 The New Deal: 1932-1940
Think of the 1920s as a roaring party, the Great Depression as a sudden blackout, and the New Deal as the lights slowly coming back on to help everyone recover.
Presidents during: The 1920s, the Great Depression, and the New Deal.
1920s: Calvin Coolidge The Great Depression: Herbert Hoover The New Deal: Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Immigration Act of 1924 / National Origins Act of 1924
Limited the number of immigrants who were allowed entry into the United States by establishing a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.
This limited the number of immigrants based on their nationality, like a party with a guest list where only 2% of each nationality from the 1890 census could enter.
The Harlem Renaissance
Became famous in the 1920s for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, writers. It got its name because of its artistic achievements.
The Harlem Renaissance was like a vibrant garden blooming in the 1920s, where talented artists, musicians, and writers gathered to create beautiful and influential works, earning it the name "Renaissance."
Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921
Provided federal funds for maternity care and child care programs.
This was like a safety net for new parents, providing federal support for healthcare and child care, similar to how a safety net catches and supports someone falling.
Welfare Capitalism
Voluntarily offering their employees improved benefits and higher wages in order to reduce their interest in organizing unions
This was like a company offering extra perks and better pay to keep employees happy and less likely to join a union, kind of like a parent giving treats to prevent a child from misbehaving.
Langston Hughes famous Harlem Renaissance line?
"I am negro and I am beautiful"
Alice Paul and the National Women's Party
A group of radical women led by Alice Paul . They were militantly fighting for suffrage.
They proposed the equal rights amendment (Designed to guarantee protection against sexual discrimination for women under the law.)
They were like the Avengers of the women's suffrage movement, using radical tactics to fight for women's right to vote, just like superheroes fighting for justice.
The Scopes Trial
To challenge the constitutionality of these laws, the American Civil Liberties Union persuaded a Tennessee biology teacher, John Scopes, to teach the theory of evolution to his high school class. For doing so, Scopes was arrested and tried in 1925.
Scopes was convicted, but the conviction was later overturned on a technicality. Laws banning the teaching of evolution remained on the books for years, although they were rarely enforced.
This was essentially a case of Creationism vs. Evolution.
This was a famous legal case in 1925 where a teacher was arrested for teaching evolution, sparking a debate between Creationism and Evolution in public education.
Ku Klux Klan of the 1920's (Who they attacked)
This group resurfaced and attracted new members because of the popular silent film Birth of a Nation, which portrayed them as the heroes during reconstruction.
This group directed hostility not only against African Americans but also against Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists.
They would burn crosses and apply vigilante justice, punishing their victims with whips, tar and feathers, and lynching.
The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s resurged due to the film Birth of a Nation, targeting African Americans, Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and suspected Communists, using violent tactics like cross burning and lynching.
Pink Collar Jobs
Working class jobs traditionally held by women (Clerical, secretary, maid, waitress, cook, beautician, etc.)
McNary-Haugen Bill
Coolidge vetoed this bill, which sought to have the government purchase agricultural products for sale overseas in order to raise farm prices. This is because Coolidge believed in limited government that stood aside while business conducted its own affairs.
This was like a parent refusing to bail out a struggling child's lemonade stand, because they believed in letting the child learn to manage their own business.
Bruce Barton, "The Man nobody Knows"
A 1925 best-seller that portrayed Jesus Christ as the "greatest advertiser of his day, ... a virile go-getter he-man of business" who "picked twelve men from the bottom ranks and formed a great organization."
Communications Radio
The radio was able to bridge the divide in American culture from coast to coast. It was more effective than print media at sharing thoughts, culture, language, style, and more.
Maybe this, couldn't find any specific mention in the textbooks.
Think of the radio as a bridge connecting people from different parts of the country, sharing music, news, and ideas like a giant virtual campfire where everyone gathers to share stories and experiences.
Consumerism
Consumer goods of all kinds prospered marketed by salespeople and advertisers who promoted them as ways of satisfying Americans' psychological desires and everyday needs.
Americans spent more and more of their income on leisure activities like vacations, movies, and sporting events.
Americans considered their standard of living a "Sacred acquisition".
This was like being in a candy store with flashy advertisements and salespeople convincing you to buy more than you need, leading to a culture of spending on leisure and material possessions.
Lost Generation Artists and Intellectuals
Scorning religion as hypocritical and bitterly condemning the sacrifices of wartime as fraud perpetrated by money interests were two dominant themes of the leading writers of the postwar decade. This disillusionment caused the writer Gertrude Stein to call these writers a "lost generation."
Margaret Sanger
American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. She founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.
Washington Conference
Negotiated reductions in the navies of Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and the United States
The Washington Conference was like a group project where countries negotiated to reduce their naval power, like students agreeing to limit their resources for a fair outcome.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922
Raised taxes on imported goods to their highest levels in history, a repudiation of Wilson's principle of promoting free trade.
This was like building a high wall around a city, making it expensive for outsiders to bring in goods, which went against the idea of open trade.
Tea Pot Dome Scandal
Congress discovered that Fall (Secretary of the Interior in Grant's administration) had accepted bribes for granting oil leases near Teapot Dome.
This was like finding out your roommate took bribes to let someone use your stuff without your permission, but on a national scale with oil leases.
Proponents of the 1920s immigration restriction argued what about Immigrants?
Argued that immigrants were taking away jobs and resources from native-born Americans, similar to a crowded lifeboat where newcomers threaten the stability of those already on board.
Key to financial success in the 1920s
Hard work, education, training, and talent.
Improved economic efficiency of the 1920s can be attributed to what new technique.
Ford's moving assembly line, Taylor's time and motion studies., an increased use of oil and electricity, and the automobile (Which replaced the railroad industry as the key promotor of economic growth.)
1920s financial boom saw a substantial increase in what output?
The economic boom was caused by a rise of 64% in manufacturing output from 1919 to 1929,
The 1920s financial boom saw a substantial increase in industrial output, like a roaring engine revving up to produce more goods and materials than ever before.
Why was the U.S. able to boom economically while Europe couldn't?
The U.S. boomed economically after World War I due to factors like industrial capacity, innovation, and less war damage, while Europe faced post-war reconstruction challengeso
Republican administrations of the 1920s pursued economic policy that focused on what?
Coolidge believed that the government should stay out of businesses and let them run themselves.
They focused on laissez-faire economics, like a hands-off referee letting the players (businesses) play without interference, which led to economic growth but also inequality.
African American labor organization.
Brotherhood of Car Porters: Train version of flight stewardess'.
Working women in the 1920s and their characteristics.
Employed women were limited to clerks nurses, teachers, and domestics, and they received lower pay than men.
They were mainly limited to certain professions like clerks, nurses, teachers, and domestics, and they were paid less than men, similar to how a limited menu at a restaurant offers only a few choices, and those choices may not be as satisfying as a full menu.*
New Era backlash against the modern secular society resulted in movements against what key issues?
The backlash against modern secular society led to movements against issues like individualism, consumerism, and moral relativism, as people sought to reconnect with traditional values and beliefs.
Scottsboro Nine Case
Nine boys were accused of rape, even though witnesses proved the story false. Five were found guilty & eventually released, they got help from the International Labor Defense (mostly communists) who aided the boys.
This was a landmark legal battle in the 1930s where nine African American teenagers were falsely accused of raping two white women, highlighting racial injustice and the importance of fair trials.
Stock Prices (10/29/1929)
Dropped to 230.07, approximately $400 million in today's money. Speculation & credit were large causes of GD
Thursday (10/24/1929): Before this, the stock prices just kept rising. However, on Thursday there was an unprecedented amount of selling, resulting in the Market to plunge.
Tuesday (10/29/1929): Panicky investors ordered their brokers to sell stock, but almost no buyers could be found.
Imagine the stock market like a roller coaster - on 10/24/1929, it suddenly took a steep drop, and on 10/29/1929, everyone panicked and wanted to get off, but there were no takers.
Commercial films in the 1930s
They were used to distract from the Great Depression.
In the 1930s, commercial films were like blockbuster movies today, designed to entertain and make money, often featuring glamorous stars and big-budget productions.
Dust bowl: Problems that southern and midwestern farmers faced from 1929-1932.
This was a severe drought that ruined crops in the Great Plains. High wins and loose topsoil turned farms into dust.
Thousands of people migrated to California in hopes of farm or factory work.
Muscle Shoals Bill (Hoovers reason for vetoing the bill.)
A plan to dam the Tennessee river and sell the electricity which got passed by Congress, but was vetoed by Hoover because it was too socialist when it came to utilities.
Causes of the Great Depression
Uneven distribution of income: Top 5% richest Americans received over 33% of all income.
Economic speculation: Trying to "Play the market"
Excessive credit use: Believe the economic boom of the 1920s was permanent led to increased borrowing.
Over-production of consumer goods: Workers with stagnant wages couldn't purchase the increasing amount of goods.
Government policies: Federal Reserve made tight money policies, contributing to bank failures.
Global economic problems: U.S. insisted on loan repayment in full, weakening Europe and contributing to the worldwide depression.
The Great Depression was caused by unequal wealth distribution, risky stock market speculation, excessive borrowing, overproduction of goods, government policies, and global economic issues, leading to a worldwide economic downturn.
Women's gains and loses during the Great Depression
During the Great Depression, women gained more job opportunities in certain industries but also faced increased financial hardship and discrimination, like a seesaw of progress and setbacks.
Unemployment rates at the low point of the Great Depression (1932)
25% of the workforce was unemployed (13 million).
1932, 25% of the workforce was unemployed, which is like one out of every four people you know being out of work.
American's reaction to the Great Depression
The Great Depression was like a sudden, unexpected storm that hit the country, causing widespread panic and uncertainty, leading to drastic changes in people's lives and attitudes
Problems that African Americans faced during the Great Depression
African Americans were discriminated, often being the last hired and the first fired. They didn't share in the prosperity of the 1920s and faced increased difficulties with the Depression.
During the Great Depression, African Americans faced economic hardships, discrimination, and limited access to jobs and relief programs, similar to being stuck in a deep hole while others had ladders to climb out.
Hoover responded to the domestic crisis in 1931 by asking Congress to do what?
The Hawley-Smoot Tariff: A schedule of tariffs that was highest in history. It was passed by the Republican Congress, setting tax increases ranging from 31 percent to 49 percent on foreign imports.
Why did Hoover's situation deteriorate from 1930-1931?
Due to the worsening Great Depression, which is like a snowball rolling downhill, getting bigger and harder to stop as it goes
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
A measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. It marked an attempt by the federal government to become more active in financial markets.
This was like a financial first-aid kit for struggling businesses during the Great Depression, showing how the government stepped in to support the economy.
Bonus Army
A thousand unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C., to demand immediate payment of the bonuses promised them at a later date (1945).
Congress failed to pass the bonus bill they sought. After two veterans were killed in a clash with police, General Douglas MacArthur, the army's chief of staff, used tanks and tear gas to destroy the shantytown and drive the veterans from Washington.
The incident caused many Americans to regard Hoover as heartless and uncaring.
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
Recovery. Encouraged farmers to reduce production (and thereby boost prices) by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under.
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
Recovery. Supervised fair trade codes and guaranteed laborers a right to collective bargaining
This was like a referee overseeing a fair game, setting rules for businesses to ensure fair trade and giving workers the right to negotiate collectively for better conditions.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Relief. Hired thousands of people in one of the nation'spoorest regions, the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer. Also sold electricity to residents of the region at rates lower than those charged previously by a private power company.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Aka the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act. 1933. Reform. Guaranteed individual bank deposits.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
Recovery. Gave both the building industry and homeowners a boost by insuring bank loans for building, repairing, and purchasing houses. It provided many families their first chance to buy a home. Used "Redlining" to limit this program from areas where African Americans lived.
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Relief. Hired laborers for temporary construction projects sponsored by the federal government.
This was like a temporary construction team hired by the government during the Great Depression to build infrastructure and provide relief, similar to a quick fix-it crew for the country.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Relief. Employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their family monetary monthly sums.
This provided jobs for young men to work on federal lands, like a government-funded outdoor job program, helping families and the environment.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Relief. Offered outright grants of federal money to states and local governments that were operating soup kitchens and other forms of relief for the jobless and homeless.
Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Reform. Regulated the stock market and placed strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that had led to the Wall Street crash in 1929. They also required full audits of, and financial disclosure by, corporations to protect investors from fraud and insider trading.
The SEC is like a referee in a sports game, making sure everyone plays by the rules and preventing cheating, just like how it regulates the stock market to protect investors from fraud and insider trading.
Works Projects Administration (WPA)
Recovery. Spent billions of dollars to provide people with jobs. Most of the workers were put to work constructing new bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Unemployed artists, writers, actors, and photographers were paid to paint murals, write histories, and perform in plays.
This was like a massive job creation program during the Great Depression, where people were hired to build infrastructure and create art, providing economic relief and cultural enrichment.
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