Psychobiology Exam 1

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon Starts at the axon hilloks is all of nothing

compound used by cells to store and release energy

A negatively charged ion

movement down the axon Away from soma (new proteins) *A and A (away and anterograde)

a glial cell that provides physical support, transports nutrients, increases blood flow, helps form synapses

A part of the peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connections to the internal organs. consist of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous system

signal the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter

A single extension from the nerve cell that carries the electrical signal from the cell body toward axon terminals. Is in the conduction zone

the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates

the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell

-manipulating the behavior may affect the body and/or the brain -Independent variable: Behavior -Dependent variable: body/brain changes

The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system

-Ca2+ -equilibrium potential= +120 mV -is Cations

positively charged ions

-is part of the Integration Zone

consists of the brain and spinal cord

help visualize neuronal activity of cells

-equilibrium potential is -60 mV -is an Anions

Movement from areas of high to low concentration

a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them

an extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons part of the input zone

transmitter substance floats away from the synapse

mind and body are separate

• dual = two

transports back to soma in retrograde transport

-Movement towards oppositely charged areas -like charges repel and opposites attract

the transmitter action is deactivated by an enzyme

The point at which the movement of ions across the cell membrane Is Balanced

generated by depolarization -Some ionotropic receptors allow Sodium to pass thru.

Ca2+ entry causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release the neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft

-Is a refractory period -Potassium rushes out of the cell via voltage-gated potassium channels causing the membrane potential to become more negative

respond to pain and temperature

provide support and nutrients to neurons.

Packaging proteins in soma

• cell body stain -Only highlights certain cells

a protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; activates a "second messenger" then communicates to areas within the cell to: -open or close an ion channel in the membrane -alter the production of proteins -activate a gene in the nucleus via activation of transcription factors.

A stimulus will cause small changes in the membrane potential. The greater the stimulus, the greater the response (can vary in size)

• from -60mV to-70mV

• Relative Refractory Period -potassium leaves the cell making it more negative

helps identify structure/proteins

-post synaptic hyperpolarizations because they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire -Some ionotropic receptors allow Potassium or Chloride to pass thru.

placed into an intracellular fluid to measure voltage

atoms or molecules with a (+) or (-) charge

channel proteins that transport ions

Determined by membrane pores (selective, open, closed), and types of ions (K ions pass-through more easily than Na or Ca)

moves vesicle across the microtubule in anterograde transport

include somatic, behavior, and correlational intervention

degrades proteins found in cell body

respond to isolated points

receptors that act through a second messenger system

"bones" of the neuron

provides stored energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The mind is what your brain does

A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles or glands.

The fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells. This sheath boosts the speed at which nerve impulses are conducted.

chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them

"bones" of the neuron

transmit an electrochemical signal

Nervous system is made up of individual cells that are structurally, metabolically and functionally independent.

A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS -myelinate multiple axon

stains organelles

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy Activated during non stressful conditions Rest and restore

respond to deep pressure and vibration

The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron.

-Are Ion channels that are always open -They do not require energy (no ATP is needed)

Made up of nerve tissue located outside the brain and spinal cord consist of Somatic and autonomic nervous system

the specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter

the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse

-is Cation

• equilibrium potential is -90 mV

neuron that sends the signal

-is an important function in SOMA -Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosome are protein synthesis

are made up of one or more polypeptide that is twisted and folded into a unique shape

the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

the electrode placed in extracellular fluid to measure voltage

whena neuron can generate another action potential but only by a stronger than normal stimulus

The neuron is more negative inside relative to the outside of the cell (-60 mV)

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

translate genetic instructions from nucleus into specialized proteins needed for operation of a neuron

detect stretch

A pioneer in neuroscience that first demonstrated that the cells in the nervous system are Seperate and that they did not merge into each other as previously believed.

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system -myelinate one axon -Schw-ONE

-equilibrium potential is 55 mV -is Cations

-an active mechanism which excludes 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions taken into the cell -Requires energy supplied by adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

-manipulating the body and/or the brain may affect behavior -Alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered -Independent variable: the structure or function that is being altered -Dependent variable: the response that is measured, such as a behavior

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

Integration by a postsynaptic neuron of inputs (EPSPs and IPSPs) from multiple sources. -multiple signals go off creating an action potential

-"Fight or flee -Activated during arousal and stressful periods

the cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

A neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system

Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time. -a single signal repreats one after the other creating an action potential

referred to as the output zone

DNA being copied to RNA in the nucleus

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

-is Ionotropic -are composed of four or five subunits that have a pore in the middle that open quickly by the direct action of a neurotransmitter. -Allow the passage of ions between the inside and outside of the cell. -There are multiple subtypes that can either have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic neuron.

Sodium rushing in via voltage-gated sodium channels and depolarizes the membrane, which triggers the opening ofadjacent voltage-gated s odium channels. -This process continues until the action potential reaches the terminal button.

A membrane protein forming a pore that is permeable to Ca2+ ions and gated by depolarization of the membrane.

Allow K+ to flow out of the cell, moving the potential back towards the negative equilibrium potential of potassium.

-are present at the axon hillock -At resting membrane potential (RMP, -60 mV), they are closed

A neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, involved in arousal.

movement up the axon toward the soma (communicates metabolic needs and waste material) *R and R (Return and Retrograde)