Studied by 23 peopleEvolution
Change over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors
How life changes and adats on Earth
Who was Charles Darwin
an English Naturalist
What did he change?
Th way we view the world
What theory did he develop?
Theory of Natural Selection
What is this theory?
Gave scientific principles to what people observed (That things change over time)
What did he sail on for his voyage?
HMS beagle
For how long
5 years
What did he observe?
A wide variety of habitats from around the world that allowed him to make a hypothesis about animals and plants in those areas
Organisms are suited to ___________
their particular environment
What unique way of life does every organism have?
Getting food, protecting themselves, and producing offspring
What did this lead to?
3 Main observations
Darwin’s first observation?
Species vary globally
What does this mean
SImilar animals occupy similar habitats, but in different locations around the world
What is Darwin’s 2nd observation
species vary locally
what does this mean
differences exist between related species based on their local habitats
Galapagos Islands
Groups of islands with great diversity
What diversity
different habitats
Who did it influence the most?
Darwin
Why?
Darwin saw that habitat influences characteristics
Darwin’s 3rd observation
Species vary over time
What does this mean?
Living organisms resembled fossils
they are slightly changed
Who were the first people with ideas before Darwin
Hutton and Lyell
What did they conclude
Earth is extremely old
Natural disasters that change the Earth are the ________ ___ we see today
same ones
How did they influence Darwin?
Earth has changed over millions of years
What did this make Darwin question?
“Why can’t life change too?”
Who is the second idea before Darwin
Lamarck
Why was he famous?
Original theory of evolution
Correct or Incorrect
Incorrect
What did he believe?
Individual organisms could change IN THEIR LIFETIME by SELECTIVELY using or not using organs
These ACQUIRED traits were then passed on to the offspring
Examples:
Giraffes stretched their necks and became taller
Black-winged Stilt greq long legs as it went deeper into the water
Who was the third idea before Darwin?
Malthus
What did he believe
Overpopulation leads to disease, famine, and war
How did Darwin apply this?
Majority of offspring die, so only the most fit will survive
What is an idea before Darwin
Artificial Selection
what is this
Selecting beneficial traits to produce to next generation
so it must be heritable
What is the mechanism for evolution?
Natural Selection
Where is it proposed?
Darwin’s Book- On the Origin of Species
What is it?
Organisms with variations MOST SUITED to their environment will survive and have offspring
What increases the ability to survive
adaptations
What is an example?
Aye-Aye monkeys that uses their long fingers to tap trees and listen for the hallow area that has insects and then probes them out.
What is the 1st condition for natural selection
struggle for existence
What is the 2nd
Variation and adaptation are found within a species (MUST BE HERITABLE)
What is the 3rd?
Survival of the fittest occurs
Fitness
How likely you are to survive and reproduce.
What is an example
The peppered moths in the Industrial Revolution
Mimicry adaptations
Animal evolves to look like another animal or thing (can also be camouflage)
Principle of Common Descent
all species, living and extinct, are united by descent from ancient common ancestors
What is diversity due to?
selection and adaptation
Things have adapted to be best ____ for their specific ____
suited; niche
Tree of life
Links all living things on earth
what does that mean?
We all have a common ancestor
What is an evidence of evolution?
Biogeography
What is the first part of biogeography?
Similar looking, unrelated, organisms exist in different locations
Why is this?
Similar adaptations that make them best suited for their similar habitat
Example?
Jaguar and a leopard
What is the 2nd part to biogeography?
Related species adapt differently based on unique habitat location and needs.
Example?
Darwin’s finches
How is that an example?
All the finches in the Galapagos share a common ancestor
So what?
Their beaks were adapted to their individual environments
What is another example of biogeography?
All the different species of marsupials and no advanced terrestrial animals in Australia
What is another evidence of evolution?
fossil records
How?
Fossil evidence in different layers of rock show the gradual changes over time
Plenty of time for small changes via natural selection to occur and change an entire species
Example
Dinosaurs→ Birds fossils
What are other evidences of evolution
homologous vs analogous and vestigial structures
Homologous Structures
structures with same origin and structure but different function
Example:
Man, cow, horse, whale, and bird hand
What does this mean in simple terms?
Animals are related (common ancestor), but live in different environments
Analogous Structures
Different origin same function
Example:
Butterfly and bird wing
Vestigial Structure
Structures that no longer have a function but were once used in the ancestor
Example
whale pelvic girdle
Human appendix and tailbone
eyeballs in blind creatures
What is the fifth evidence of evolution
embryology similarities
What is that?
Similar developmental patterns that exist in all vertebrates
What does this mean?
We all have a common ancestor
Example:
Gill pouches and tails in embryonic stages
What is the last evidence of evolution
Genetics and molecular biology
What does that discover?
DNA similarities exist between related species
So if you have more amino acids in common you are…
more related
Example
Humans and chimp amino acid difference= 0
Morphological adaptations
physical adaptation
Examples of a primate
humans, apes, monkeys, and other close relatives
5 characteristics of a primate
long fingers and toes
hands capable of grasping
arms rotate around shoulder joints
Well-developed brain
Eyes face forward
Are Old and New World monkeys considered hominoids
no, just human-like
What are traits of the Old World monkeys
Larger in size, longer nose, downward facing nostrils, and no tail (or its very short).
Where does it live
Africa, Asia, and Middle East
Characteristics of New World Monkeys
Flat face nostrils to the side and long, curly tails to grasp things and swing in trees
Where do they reside?
South Africa
Who belongs to the hominoid group?
humans, apes, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, etc.
Hominoids
Primates that lack tails, upright posture, large brains
Humans and their ancestors are classified as having what?
Bipedalism (walk on 2 feet)
Flat face with small canines
What is significant about Lucy?
She is the first ancestor with both ape and human-like characteristics
What group is she in?
Australopithecus
What is homo habilis known for
Most ancient member of our genus (group with common characteristics)
Where did they live?
Kenya, Africa (never left)
Why were they interesting
used tools
Homo Erectus left _______
Africa
They lived about __________ years ago
1.9 million to 143,000
What are their key traits?
Stood up right, used tools, lit fires, ate cooked meat, and were more advanced (like hand axes)
What are humans called
homosapiens sapiens
Note
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