Soil Resources

• The prevention of loss of the top most layer of the soil from erosion

• Prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other soil contamination.

• They are good composters (they turn food waste into fertilizers)

• Scientific name of "African Nightcrawler" = Eudrilus (Genus) = Eugeniae (Specie)

• Outermost layer of the Earth composed of soil and subject to soil formation process

• The living "skin" (epidermis) of the earthwhich is the result of the dynamic interaction of the 4 subsystems

Pedon = Soil Sfaira = Sphere

• 45% Minerals (Geosphere)

• 25% Water (Hydrosphere)

• 25% Air (Atmosphere)

• 5% Organic Matter {Materials that decompost} (Biosphere)

• Soil forms when rocks "weather"

• Has factors that are considered = Parent Material, Climate, Topography, Biological Factors and Time

• Breaking down of rocks

Are withered rocks

• Its chemistry and type will determine the soil that will be formed

• Soil types vary depending on climate

HOT - faster chemical reaction COLD - slower chemical reaction

• The arrangment of the natural and artificial physical features of an area

• Different types of soils form in different types of landforms

• When acid rain falls, the peak of the mountain will be the 1st to the affected, the rocks there will weather faster causing it to fall and affect the formation of soil

• Organisms such as plants, animals and microorganism, and humans affect soil formation.

• The formation of soil is a long and continuous process which may take humdreds and thousands of years depending on climate and environment

• 200 to 400 years for 1 cm of soil

• relative proportion of particle sizes of soil

• Soil is naturally composed of a mixture of these particles and the propotion of which soil properties such as porosity and warer retention.

• Is a measure of the void

• (empty) spaces in a material

Ability of soil to hold water

= Clay (< 0.002 cm) = Silt (0.002 - 0.005 cm) = Sand (0.005 - 2 cm)

• 10% Sand, 60% Silt, 30% Clay = Silty Clay Loom

LOAM SOIL

• Provides good aeration (air can circulate properly)

• Soil horizon from the surface down to underlying bedrock

• O, A, B, C, and E to determine soil horizon.

A, B and C

O - Organic Matter (Organic) A - (Surface) B - Clay and Nutrients above (Subsoil) C - (Substratum) E - Lose of Leetching (Bedrock)

• Soil Classification system to identify, understand and manage soils.

• Has 12 types

Frozen soils found in the coldest region of Earth

High organic content and wet

Sandy and acdic soils found in moist climates that often support dense forest

Composed of volcanic ash

Very weathered and common in tropical climates

Clay-like soils that shrink and swell

Very dry soils in arid regions

Weathered Soils

Deep and fertile soils

Moderately weathered productive soils found in temperate and humid regions

Slightly developed, young soils found on steep slopes and mountain ranges

Newly-formed soils found in steep rocky lands

Bureau of Soils and Water Managment

• recognizes nin soil orders in the Philippines

= Alfisols, Andisol, Entisol, Histosol, Inceptisol, Mollisols, Ulitisol and Vertisol.

• Microorganism that decopost (Fertilizers)

• Agriculture

• Comes from the Latin word "Arabilis" which means "able to plowed"

• Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and other essential nutrients are stores, transformed, and cycled in the soil.

• A repeating cycle of processes during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things: the atmosphere, soil, water, plants, animals and bacteria

• In order to move through the different parts of the cycle, nitrogen must change forms

Lightning breaks the bond of the Nitrogen and turns it into "Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria"

N2 = Nitrogen NO2 = Nitrite NO3 = Nitrate NH3 = Ammonia NH4 = Ammonium Ion

• Biogeochemical process that involves the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

STEPS

• Weathering. Absorption by Plants. Absorption by Animals. Return to the Environment through Decomposition.

• Backbone of DNA

inaral na toh, kaya na yan :)) HHAHHSAH

• Soil structures provides a base for plant roots

• Soils along the human shelter and structures such as houses and roads

• Soils are mined for their mineral contents

Red Soil = Has Iron Yellowish = Sulfer (??)

Causes the loss of topsoil and nutrients in the soil

Reduced the amount of air, water and space available to roots and soil organism

Type of land degration in which biological productivity is lost due to natural processes or induced by human activities whereby fertile areas become increasingly arid

Led to the loss of organic matter, soil compaction, and damage wih fertilizers and pesticides.

Increasing of population has led to the conversion of land to urban centers which are generally characterized by concrete structures.

• The effects of human activity on soil can be mitigated through sustainable management such as

• Increased soil organic matter content, keeping the soil vegetated, avoiding excessive tillage, using nutrients wisely, crop rotations and preventing soil compaction.