Ch. 24 Late Nat. + Lib.

Father of sociology

• Founded theory of positivism

Wrote "Course in Positive Philosophy" in 1830

positivism: the belief that societies have their own scientific principles and laws, just like physics or chemistry

Was an existentialist, questioned rational thinking, Christianity, democracy

Wrote “The Birth of Tragedy” (1872)

• non-rational aspects of human nature are as noble as rational characteristics

“God is dead” and “ The only thing holding man back is his will.”

• Critical of racism and Anti-semitism

• Believed in a “Superman”

struggle is important for human improvement

• ex. war and fighting

Catholic revival in Ireland and France

Pope - Syllabus of Errors

Vatican Council - dogma of papal infallibility, Rerum Novarum

Syllabus of Errors

• Catholic church set against contemporary science, politics, philosophy

Doctrine of “ Papal Infallibility” - Conservative

Rerum Novarum

Promoted religious control of marriage, education

• Said employers should be nice to employees

Liberal

Renews struggle of modern though and church

Condemns catholic modernization - conservative

“Inequality of the Humane Races” (1853-1854)

• pioneered the Master Aryan race

• race mixing produces chaos

anti-Semite

• believed through genetics a superior race could be developed

Brought back Anti-Semitism to Germany

New nationality defined through race and blood opposed the ideas of liberalism and socialism

Led to racism in Europe and North America

British philosopher

Known for supporting social Darwinism

Principles of evolution and natural selection can be applied to social classes and human society

Reason to not aid those who are weak

British philosopher

Natural selection benefits people and created biological discipline

Said humans are better than it and can improve together

• Against social Darwinism

Wrote “On the Origins of Species” (1859) and “Theory of Evolution” (1871)

Natural selection and evolution

Survival of the fittest

“Descent of Man” (1871) caused great controversy in religion

German Socialist

Protestant work ethic

• Spirit of Capitalism

Use marxism as a driving force of economic capitalism

• Justified capitalism with Puritan beliefs

Saw bureaucratization as basic feature to social life

Establish a separate Jewish state

Led by Theodor Herzel (once Burschenschaft)

• His ideas eventually led to the birth of the state of Israel

Strauss - Life of Jesus

• Didn’t deny existence of Jesus, just pointed out its miracles

C. Lyle - Geology

• Earth had to be created from science and not God

Neitzche - God is dead

• there is no God or Christian morality

Viennese doctor

• theorized that human beings are sexual from birth through adulthood

• sexuality as one of the bases for mental order

Argued internal mind is based on the struggle of:

• id - irrational instincts

• superego - moral expectations on the personality put on society and culture

• ego - mediates the impulses of id with morals of the superego

psychoanalysis

• Enlightenment ideas

Freud’s student

Collective memories along with personal experience constitute a human being’s soul and saw value in religion

• Romanticism ideas

French philosopher

Accepted rational and scientific thought to provide useful knowledge

• But was unable to arrive at the truth of reality

Reality can only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly

• Can’t be analyzed, only a description

French political theorist

• Combined Bergson and Nietzsche ideas on the limits of rational thinking

Interested in revolutionary socialism and advocated violence to achieve socialism

Use “general strike” of the power of the workers

Opposition to religious authority

• specifically for social and political matters