Studied by 2 peoplePlaces To Find Volcanoes
Subduction Zones, Divergent Boundaries,
Subduction Zones at Volcanies
Subduction Zones have soggy plates and if you add water there is a mass melting curve
Divergent Boundaries
Rift zones wehere continet breaks apart
Divergent Boundaries at Mid Ocean Ridges
Divergent Boudaries at Volcanoes
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at plate boundaries
How to tell if there are volcanoes?
Hotspots; intraplate volcanism by forming mantle plume
Volcanoes formed; 100 million years ago
Present of Volcanoes
Map View of Present Vs 100 million years ago of Volcanoes
Volacno Eruption Characteristics
Explosive vs. Effusive Eruptions
Explosive
more dangerous
Effusive
gentle eruption like lava flows
What makes an eruption explosive or not?
Viscosity
Viscosity
more viscous= resistance to flow, thicker + sticker
Higher viscosity=
more explosive/ less flow
Lower viscosiy=
more flow
Body Waves
P-Waves + S Waves, energy moves from one place to another in the Earth's interior
P Waves
primary waves; compressional through solid, liquid, gas, faster than S waves, parallel,
S Waves
Secondary waves, perpendicular, only travel through solids, more damaging than P Waves
Long Term Predictions (Definition)
Indicate Earthquakes in the future.
Long Term Predictions (2)
History; written remarks of what/when in the past.
Seismic Gaps; Spatial & temporal
Spatial gap;
a physical area where eqs are expected; but we don't see any
Spatial Gap Picture
Temporal gap;
relates to time---> timeline
Temporal Gap Picture
Where do we find EQs? (3)
Any Plate boundaries (divergent convergent, transform)
Anywhere with volcanism (subduction + hotspots)
Faults (crack in a rock where there is movement along the crack)
Elastic Deformation
brittle/breakable, will go back back to original form after stoss is released or will break.
Plastic deformation
impose stress on a material + it doesn't break, ductile/ foldable
Material Side Effects/Hazards (5)
Ground shakes
Tsunami; a big wave caused by the displacement of water
Land displacement
Fires
Mass wasting
Seche
liquid water that is slashed back and forth
Liquifaction
ground that appeared to be solid, movemennt causes the ground to liquefy; to liquidfy by freezing up groundwater.
Short Term EQ Predictors (Definition)
change in well (water, gas) level, indicates movement/breaking of rocks underground
Short Term EQ Predictors
Sudden radan emmissions
Laser strikes across faults to detect movement
strange animal behavior
Mass Wasting
lose material moving down a hill
Requirements of Mass Wasting
1. hill/slope where the gradient is not zero. 2. lose material; something connected to the hill 3. Gravity
Angel of Repose
the angel a slope needs 1/10 to be at for mass wasting to happening: factors/processes that change angels.
Spatial Gap
physical location
Temporal Gap
gaps in time
Can spaital + temporal gaps go together
overlap yes
Meander River (1)
Meaander River (2)
Meander River (3)
Meander River (4)
Saltation
materials that bounce/jump along the bottom.
Picture of Saltation
Transport of Materials/Transportation (3)
Bed load, dissolve load, suspend load
Bed Load
More heavier materials that roll bounce along the bottom
Dissolve Load
Chemically broken down ions/molecules
Suspend Load
Materials that float somewheare in the water
Transport Materials Picture/ Transportation
Normal Fault
hanging wall moves down relative to footwall
Reverse Fault
hanging wall moves up relative to footwall
Normal Fault Picture
Reverse Fault (Picture)
Geologic Jobs of Moving Water
Transportation
Erosion
Deposition
Erosion= (2)
weather + move it
Deposition
is how rocks, soil, and sediments are added to landforms by natural forces like water, wind, or ice
Deposition where it is and what it is
Left side of curve line of river, point bar, fuffles
Cut Bank (Definition + location)
Erosion happens, right side of curve line, They are formed by the primary flow of water as it moves around a bend in vortex flow
Stream Piracy
Occur when a stream diverted from its own bed and flow instead down bed of neighbour system.
Mender River Dynamics
Point Bars, Cut Banks, Oxbow lakes, the tale of the meander cutoff
Chance annual floods
1/100
Recurrence Interval Example
100 yr flood
How to deal with floods? (6)
build on '“stilts”
use flood walls
levee
create drainage paths/ retention ponds
Dams
channelization
Recurrence Interval
The time between two consecutive occurrences of an event. Helps estimate the likelihood of an event happening again in a given timeframe.
Point Bars (2)
are crescent-shaped deposits of sediment that accumulate on the inside bend of streams and rivers below the slip-off slope. They are composed of sediment that is well-sorted and typically reflect the overall capacity of the stream.
Mender River Dynamics (4)
Point Bars, Cut Banks, Oxbow lakes, the tale of the meander cutoff
Types of Volcanoes for Viscosity (3)
Shield Volcanoes, Strato Volcanoes/Composite Volcanoes, Cinder Cone
Pycrolastics (2)
the material shot into the air by a volcano + indicates explosive eruption
Material Inside Pyroclastics
ash + volcanoes
Strato Volcano/Composite Volcano
more viscous/ more explosive
Cinder Cone
rarerly explosive + has all pyroclastics
Lava vs magma
lava: above ground
magma; below ground
Shield Volcanoes
lower viscosity
Types of Mass Wasting (5)
Creep, Flow, Slump, Slide, Fall
Creep
Slowest type
Flow
downhill flow of liquidy material
Slump
Sliding down a curved surface
Slump Indicators
Round scarp, hummanky terrain
Slide
Solid block becomes disemented + slides down
To Change Angel (2)
add/remove water, type of material
Mass Wasting
Lose material moving down a hill
Positives of Dams (2)
renewable energy + stop flooding
Negatives of Dams (4)
disrupt our ecosystem, flood the upstream, dam can also break, load is deposited upstream
What controls viscosity of Volcano
Mafic vs Felsic
Felsic
abundant Si + Al, explosive
Mafic
Low silica + less explosive
Note
Flashcard