AP Biology Chapter 6

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

-Spontaneous process

-∆G<0

-Exergonic reaction

-Hydrolysis

-Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones

-Non-spontaneous process

-∆G>0

-Endergonic process

-Dehydration

-Building up smaller molecules into larger ones

Energy available to do work

G(final state) - G(initial state)

-Thermal

-Potential

-Kinetic

-Chemical

-Heat (Thermal in transfer)

begins with a specific molecule and end with product(s)

1st- Energy is neither created nor destroyed (only transferred)

2nd- With every energy transfer, some is lost in the form of heat (every energy transfer increases entropy)

the universe’s total entropy always increases

a measure of randomness/disorder

energy and matter can be transferred between systems

exchanges with organisms cannot occur

open

phosphorylation

what an enzyme binds to

region on enzymes where a substrate binds

enzyme wraps around the substrate

the greater the work capacity/instability

initial energy needed to activate a reaction

lowers the Eᴀ(activation energy) needed for a reaction; speeds up the chemical reaction

nonprotein enzyme assisters

organic cofactors

the use of an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one

the study of energy transformations

pH and temperature

bind directly to the active site; compete with the substrate

bind to another part of the enzyme (NOT the active site); makes the enzyme change shape, which makes the active site less effective