Science booklet 2, states of matter and the particle theory FINISHED

Solid

A state of matter that has a fixed shape and a fixed volume, can not flow, the particles are packed closely together, and cannot be easily compressed. It will keep the same volume, even if it changes it's physical form. It has the lowest energy.

Liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a fixed volume. It has a middle energy. The particles are still strongly attached, but can move past one another. It takes the shape of the container, and cannot be easily compressed.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume, the particles are weakly attracted to one another. Has a high energy. It is constantly moving in all directions. It can be compressed.

Can gas be compressed?

There is lots of space between gas molecules. This space allows us to put pressure on gas, and force it in a smaller container.

Yes, gas can be compressed.

Compress

Squish into a smaller space.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Particles

Extremely small units of matter, that are always moving.

The Particle Model

It is a scientific theory that explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases by suggesting that all matter is made of particles, and that those particles behave differently in solids, liquids and gases.

Plasma

One of four fundamental states of matter, characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons. It is the most abundant form of ordinary matter in the universe, being mostly associated with stars, including the Sun.

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up or occupies

Mass

a measure of the amount of matter an object contains

Water

The only substance, that is found naturally as a solid, a liquid, and a gas

Energy

The ability to do physical things such as move, or change

Heat

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

Substance

A single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties, or chemical makeup.

Temperature

A measure of how hot (or cold) something is.

Transferred

Moved from one place to another

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way

Increased energy of particles

Moves faster, and further away from another.

What is the difference between mass and weight?

Mass is a measure of how much matter an object has. Weight is a measure of how strongly gravity pulls on that matter.

How does heating a solid differ to heating a liquid?

Heating any substance makes the molecules of that substance move raster. In hot solids, the molecules vibrate faster in their places. In hot liquids, the molecules move faster as they slide and bump past each other.

Temperature when particles stop moving

Absolute zero, -273 degrees Celsius

Contract

To draw together, to reduce in size

Expand

To increase in size or amount

Thermal

Relating to heat

Thermal contraction

A decrease in a material's volume when its temperature decreases

Thermal expansion

An increase in the size of a substance when the temperature is increased

Boiling point

The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The boiling point of water is 100c

Melting Point

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid. The melting point of water is 0c

Freezing point

The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid when cooled. The freezing point of water is 0c

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

Evaporation

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

Sublimation

A change directly from the solid to the gas state without becoming liquid

Deposition

Gas to Solid

Boiling

The change at which a liquid changes to a gas

What is the difference between boiling and evaporating?

Evaporation is slower, occurs only from the surface of the liquid, does not produce bubbles, and leads to cooling. Boiling is faster, can occur throughout the liquid, produces lots of bubbles, and does not result in cooling.

Solidification

The change of state from liquid to solid (freezing)

Melting

solid to liquid

Reversible changes

All physical changes that involve a change from one state to another

Irreversible changes

Changes that can't be changed back

What happens when gas particles slow down?

It condenses

Density

Mass per unit volume. The more tightly packed particles are, the higher the density.

Property

Characteristic used to describe something

Highest density

solid.

Lowest density

gas. Lower density substance's have more space between particles.

Mass/volume=

density

What is more dense, ice or water?

Water: due to hydrogen bonding

What is more dense? Hot air or cool air?

Cool air

Density arrangement

Liquids and gases with a lower density, float on top of liquids with a higher density

Accurate

Exactly correct

Gravity

A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.

Limitation

Some factor that limits or restricts

Phenomenon

A fact or event which can be observed and/or documented

Scientific Model

An idea, a system, or a mathematical expression that represents the idea being explained

How does gravity affect particles?

It can move them to move towards one another.

Metal

Elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current.

What is matter mostly composed of?

Atoms