APUSH - Chapter 4-7

11 year old son of a West African Chief who was kidnapped by slave traders. his name was changed to Gustavus Vassa, enrolled in an England school. He later bought his own freedom. Published "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equino, or Gustavus Vassa, the African" in 1789

• Era's most widely read account by a slave.

• Condemned the idea that Africans were inferior to Europeans.

An agreement where Spain subcontracted to a foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America, it was an important diplomatic prize.

Britain gained the asiento from the Dutch, this was a major step in its rise to commercial supremacy.

Slavery was the dominant form of slavery after 1680 (Bacon's rebellion). Slavery transformed Chesapeake society into an elaborate hierarchy of degrees of freedom: Large planters, yeomen farmers, indentured servants and tenant farmers, and slaves.

Race became more important as a line of social division, and free blacks lost rights as "free" and "white" became virtually identical.

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete set assignments each day. After they finished, their time was their own.

Slave overseers supervised working teams on southern plantation, working the entire day.

Since the economics of New England and the Middle Colonies were based on small farms, slavery was far less important.

Slaves were promised freedom by the Spanish if they escaped to Florida. Many of the rebels were soldiers in Africa, they seized a store containing many weapons and marched to Florida.

Many slaves ran away or disrupted work.

The essence of liberty was active participation in public life by economically independent citizens.

Included individual rights, the consent of the governed, and the right of rebellion against unjust or oppressively government.

More private and individual, men surrendered a part of their right to govern themselves in order to enjoy benefits of the rule of law.

Power.

Preoccupied with events in Europe and imperial rivalries, British governors left the colonies on their own to govern themselves.

Wealthy opponent of Governor William Cosby financed Zenger's paper, which was later charged with influence peddling and tyranny. Judge told jurors not to consider whether Zenger published the work, but whether his accusation were true or not. Demonstrated that the truth should always be permitted, the idea of free expression became ingrained in popular imagination.

The idea that there is a god and that god created the universe. but that they don't interfere in daily life.

Church attendance was dropping while enlightenment ideas and deism was rising. A series of local events united by a commitment to a more emotional and personal Christianity. It was led by flamboyant preachers like Johnathan Edwards.

A power struggle for the Ohio Valley where the English tried to dislodge the French out of the area.

A Delaware prophet who championed a pan-Indian identity, called for the rejection of British goods and lifestyle -> Alcohol, materialism, and polygamy.

Indians were afraid of England since balance-of-power was now eliminated (With France Gone) 1763, in wake of French defeat, Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule. Neolin instructed his people to reject European ties.

Prohibited further colonial settlements West of Appalachian mountains, nobody really listened to the policy.

London insisted that the colonists play a subordinate role to the mother country and pay for the protection the British provided.

Each Member of the Parliament House of Commons represented the entire empire.

Parliamentary levied taxes that bypassed the colonial assemblies.

Taxes levied by colonial assemblies for parliament and then sent to London.

1765, Direct tax on all sorts of printed materials. The act was wide-reaching and offended virtually every free colonist.

Organized to resist the Stamp Act and to enforce a boycott of British goods.

• Organized by lesser merchants, self-made men, and non-wealthy elites.

• Followers were usually craftsman, laborers, and sailors.

While the Stamp Act was repealed, this rejected American claims that only elected officials could levy taxes.

North Carolina militia defeated the North Carolina Regulators which ended their protests.

Mobilized small farmers upset with corrupt local government run by elites.

Consisted of those with a wealthy backcountry residents who protested against their underrepresentation in the colonial assembly and the lack of local governments.

Imposed taxes on imported goods such as glass and tea, a Board of Customs Commission was created to suppress smugglers and raise revenue for American governors and judges. Colonists boycotted British goods again in 1768

December 16, 1773, Colonists threw more than 300 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor costing ~$14million in today's money.

London's response to the Bostonian's action was swift and harsh: They closed the port of Boston, Replaced the colonial governor of Massachusetts with a British appointed governor, and changed the Massachusetts Charter of 1691 to curtail town meetings.

Treatment of him and the rumors of Anglican bishops being sent to America convinced many settlers that England was succumbing to the same pattern of political corruption and decline of liberty that afflicted other countries.

His proclamation offered freedom to slaves who fought for the British.

January 1776, a book which criticized monarchy and aristocracy, calling for a democratic system based on frequent elections and a written constitution. Claimed that it was absurd that a small island should rule a continent. Tied economic hopes of the new nation to the idea pf commercial freedom. Argues that America would be a haven for liberty, "An asylum for mankind."

Pioneered a new style of political writing, engaging a greater audience by keeping things simple. Dramatically expanded the public sphere where discussion took place. Led the Second Continental Congress to sever ties with Great Britain.

Declared that Britain's aim was to establish "Absolute tyranny" over the colonies, so Congress declared the United States an independent nation.

• Jefferson's preamble gave it an enduring impact

• Listed grievances against King George III

October 1777, gave the patriots a victory which boosted morale which was low.

• Victor convinced French to aid the Americans in 1778, becoming their allies.

American and French troops surrounded General Cornwallis where he surrendered in October 1781

Signed September 1783, which recognized American Independence, gave the U.S. territory between Canada and Florida, and required restoration of the loyalists property by local and state governments.

Advocated for a powerful governor and a two-house legislator that reflected the division of power between the wealthy and ordinary men.

Became a traitor because he felt that our alliance with France was too much, specifically because the French were mainly Catholic, which worried him.

The preamble, the Declaration of Independence, and the University of Virginia.

Equality was the very soul of the republic.

Believed land ownership meant that it was less likely that fixed unequal social classes would emerge.

Economic wartime recession led to American citizens urging congress to get involved. This led to congress urging states to adopt measures to fix wages and prices.

Argued that the "invisible hand" of the free market directed economic life more effectively and fairly than government intervention. This appeared in the book "The Wealth of Nations"

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Natives were divided in allegiance during the War of Independence, although, both the British and the Americans were guilty of savagery towards the Indians during the war.

A Slave.

Women played a key role in the new republic by training future citizens.

• Abigail Adams called for more educational opportunities for women so that they could impart their knowledge to their children.

• Benjamin Rush: believed that women needed a more suitable education to enable them to "Instruct their sons in the principles of liberty". This reinforced the rend of companionate marriage, or marriage based on affection rather than authority.

America's first attempt at government, it had a one house congress, no president, and no judiciary. Only powers granted to it were declaring war, conducting foreign affairs, and making treaties

Established policy that admitted the area's population as equal members of the political system.

• Banned slavery north of the Ohio River.

Facing seizure of their land, debt-ridden farmers closed the courts in western Massachusetts. They modeled their protests on those of the Revolutionary era (Liberty poles and trees.) Convinced many that there was a need for a stronger central government in order to protect property rights.

Believed that the senate and the president should serve life-terms, that the rich should lead. He had virtually no support in this.

A two-house legislator where state population would determine representation in each.

A single house congress where each state would cast one vote

Congress left it up to the states

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president. This is because the founding fathers did not trust ordinary voters to vote the president and vice president.

The relationships between the national government and the states. The constitution strengthened national authority.

Appointed by President to be approved by majority of Senate and serve for life.

Refers to the way that the constitution seeks to prevent any branch of the national government from dominating the other two.

Constitution prevented Congress from prohibiting the slave trade until 1808. This led to South Carolina and Georgia to increase the importation of slaves.

3/5 of the total amount of slaves would be included in the count for the number of representatives a state got. This would increase the amount of representation the south had compared to their number of free people.

Congress could pass tariffs, coin money, issue patents, and regulate interstate commerce. Congress could not emancipate slaves and states could not secede from the Union.

Supported the ratification of the constitution.

• Federalists tended to be men of substantial property, urban dwellers seeking property, and rural residents tied to the commercial marketplace.

A faction of the federalists that opposed ratification and argued that the republic had to be small. They warned that the constitution would result in an oppressive government.

• They argued for a Bill of Rights.

• Drew support from small farmers in more isolated rural areas.

Defined the unalienable rights of the Declaration of Independence: Prohibiting excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments, religious freedom, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press

Indian tribes had no representation in the new government. Congress forbade the transfer of Indian land without federal approval.

• Some Americans believed tat Indians could assimilate into society.

U.S. victory at the battle of fallen timbers led to this in 1795, where twelve Indian tribes ceded most Ohio and Indiana to the U.S.

Described America as a melting pot of Europeans, although, many people excluded blacks from the conception of the American people.

Limited naturalization (the process by which immigrants became citizens) to "free white persons"

Claimed that blacks lacked self-control, reason, and a devotion to the large community. However, he didn't think any group was fixed in a status of inferiority, but he also did not believe that free blacks Americans should stay in America, he believed that it would endanger the nation's freedom.