APUSH Period 4

political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger national government - Supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests

Political party created in the 1790's - led by Thomas Jefferson - favored limited government and state rights - supported primarily by the "Common man"

aka Revolution of 1800- election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party

meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union - generally viewed by some as treasonous and the Federalist Part began to die out

Supported the Hartford Convention, which led to the demise of the Federalist Party

A group of Federalists originating in Essex County, MA., who opposed going to war against the British in the War of 1812

the period from 1816-1824 characterized by nationalism and one-party control of the nation

the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation - associated with the presidency of James Monroe

political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829 - supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common Man"

Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders

Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837)

Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient - worked to keep the Union together through political compromise

After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time

MA political leader who advocated a strong Union and thought the doctrine of nullification was a threat to the Union

South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law

Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801

Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801- served as a chief justice until 1835 - legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protecting private property

southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown/deep - south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier - had the highest concentration of slaves

Supreme Court that declared a section of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review

The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress

Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the BUS - Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy."

Supreme Court decision stating that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce

Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services - Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand

Treasury Secretary under Thomas Jefferson who favored limited government and reduced the federal debt by cutting spending

in order to pressure Britain and France to aspect neutral trading rights, Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade - went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with Foreign nations

Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. Economically self-sufficient - called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, the creation of a second Bank of the United States

Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans

Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense

Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense

Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government - established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years

first protective tariff in US history - designed primarily to help America's textile industry

tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues

Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States

southerners held a widespread belief that blacks were inferior to whites and that the slavery was good for black - also understood that the southern cotton economy was dependent on slave labor

Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders

John C. Calhoun, a senator from South Carolina, outlined proslavery arguments on the floor of the US Senate - arguing that the stability of societies throughout history had been based on slavery

an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings - led to several reform movements designed to make a life better in this world

Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism" - advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans

the first convention in America for women right's held in NY

Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote -organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY

Scottish-born woman who became a vocal advocate as a US citizen for racial equality, equality for women, birth control, and open sexuality

Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill

Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children

Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth - Significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and Oneida Community in New York

African American businessman from Philadelphia who advocated racial integration and equal rights during the Jeffersonian era

Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa

Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper

Former Slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist

First anti-slavery party in the US

Abolitionist leader who was killed in Alton, Illinois by a proslavery mob attacking his newspaper press to keep him from publishing

Former slave who became a significant leader in the abolitionist movement - Known for his great oratorical skills

Revival in architecture and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s that was inspired by Greek and Roman Models

The first native school of painting in the US - Attracting artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism - painted primarily landscapes

Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature - believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge

Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in American Transcendentalist

Writer and naturalist - With Ralph Waldo Emerson, he became America's best known transcendentalist

Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds

African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church

African American who wanted slaves to rebel against their own masters - relied on sailors and ship's officers sympathetic to the abolitionist cause to transfer his message to southern ports

Music created by slaves for the purpose of religion, work and recreation - became the foundation for later styles of music known as gospel, jazz, and blues

known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution," - brought British textile technology to the United States

Developed the mechanical reaper in 1831, a machine that revolutionized farming by increasing crop yields and decreasing the number of field hands needed for the harvest

Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming - the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow

method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA, - owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell - first example of a planned automated factory

company located in Philadelphia, PA that built railroad locomotives

Coal mines in PA produced anthracite, which became the most popular fuel for heating homes in the northern United States until the 1950s when it was replaced by oil and gas burning heating systems

Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another - developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets

350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany, the canal revolutionized shipping in NY

A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road

aka Cumberland Road- First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government - stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River

First steam railroad commissioned in the US

boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War

the belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in Domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house)

American writer who created novels and domestic materials that attacked male dominance and white supremacy - abolitionist, Indian rights activist, and opponent of American expansionism

first national association of trade unions - was a worker's organization in which members worked in a specific trade or craft

President Jackson, who thought the Bank of the U.S. represented special interests at the expense of the common man, ordered federal deposits placed in state banks ("pet" banks) to deplete the funds of the national bank

U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River

Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest

1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas. - ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)

Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S

President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization

stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

Treaty between the US and Great Britain that established the border between Canada and northeastern Maine

Through a joint resolution of Congress, the U.S. annexed and granted statehood to the Republic of Texas, an independent nation that had won its independence from Mexico in 1836

after years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude

Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent

War caused by a territorial dispute between the U.S. and Mexico that led to Mexico ceding land to the U.S.

The region of the present-day southwestern United States that Mexico ceded to the U.S. in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

In 1844 the US secured a treaty with China that gave the US trading privileges already enjoyed by many other foreign powers

Shawnee leader who established an Indian confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion - Defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison

Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for resettlement

Sauk leader who brought his people back to their land in ill after their removal - captured in 1832 after US troops massacred his followers

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians

Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter

The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops

An amendment to a statehood bill for Missouri that would have banned slavery - created a deadlock in Congress that led to the Missouri Compromise

Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state

law also banned slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36°30'

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society