Studied by 0 peopleLaws of thermodynamics
describe the relationships between thermal energy, or heat, and other forms of energy, and how energy affects matter
First Law of Thermodynamics
states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; the total quantity of energy in the universe stays the same.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
is about the quality of energy. It states that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted
Entropy
is the degree of randomness in a substance.
AS
The symbol for change in entropy is_____.
positive ∆S
You can expect a _____ or increase in entropy when: solid reactants form liquid or gaseous products
negative ∆S
A _____ or decrease in entropy often occurs when: gaseous or liquid reactants form solid products
Enthalpy (∆H)
is a measure of its total energy, and enthalpy changes represent the heat transferred in chemical and physical processes.
Entropy (∆S)
is the measure of the disorder present in given substance or system.
Gibbs Free Energy (∆G)
always decreases in a spontaneous process.
Endothermic
Absorbs heat, ∆H° > 0
Exothermic
Release heat, ∆H° > 0
Endergonic
Non-spontaneous, ∆G° > 0
Exergonic
Spontaneous, ∆G° < 0
Bases
Forms hydroxide ions (OH) in water
Hydrogen
The pH scale is based off of the concentration of _____ ions
0-7
Acids are found on the pH scale between which numbers
H2O
An acid/base reaction always produces:
Incubator
An organic substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base
pH
The _____ of an aqueous solution is the measure of how acidic or basic it is.
potential of hydrogen ion
The term pH refers to the "_____."
Note
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