Homeostasis

________: is found in tendons and ligaments.

________ in mammals often involves the integumentary system: skin, hair, and nails.

________: compares signals from the sensor to set point.

________ is controlled by a region of the brain called the hypothalamus.

________: strategies for the elimination of waste products of protein catabolism.

________: initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animals body to another.

________ may regulate some environmental variables while conforming to others.

________: mineralized and forms the skeleton.

________: allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.

________: animals body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it occurs.

________ is more energetically expensive than ectothermy.

Size and shape affect the way a(n) ________ with its environment.

________: compensates for deviations between actual value and set point.

________: reinforces the direction of change.

________: maintains the internal environment in many animals.

________: connect bones at joints.

________: stores fat for insulation and fuel.

________: adaptation to the osmotic environment.

________ is the result of a change to the set point for a biological thermostat.

________: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation.

________: transmits information between specific locations.

________ are relatively slow acting, but can have long- lasting effects.

________: a strong and flexible support material.

________: the variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction.

________: homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment.

Ex: Decrease in ________ leads to responses that increase ________.

________= skin, fur, feathers, blubber.

________ can be received by neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells.

________: attach muscles to bones.

________ are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

In general, ectotherms tolerate greater variation in ________, while endotherms are active at a greater range of external temperatures.

In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid, which allows for the ________ into and out of cells.

The hypothalamus triggers ________ or heat generating mechanisms.

________: transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.

________: covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body.

________ is proportional to a cells surface area while amount of exchange material is proportional to a cells volume.

________: adaptation to the thermal environment.

A(n) ________ may affect one or more regions throughout the body.

________: the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range.

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body

initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the animals body to another

single nerve cell

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

a strong and flexible support material

is found in tendons and ligaments

attach muscles to bones

connect bones at joints

stores fat for insulation and fuel

composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma

mineralized and forms the skeleton

transmits chemical signals called hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood

transmits information between specific locations

maintains the internal environment in many animals

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

normal value for controlled variable

monitors particular variable

compares signals from the sensor to set point

compensates for deviations between actual value and set point

body temperature in mammals

homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment

adaptation to the thermal environment

adaptation to the osmotic environment

strategies for the elimination of waste products of protein catabolism

the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals are endotherms

gain heat from external sources ectotherms include most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and nonavian reptiles

skin, hair, and nails

the variable being regulated brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction

Decrease in body temperature leads to responses that increase body temperature

reinforces the direction of change

Birth in mammals

animals body begins preparing for a change in some variable before it occurs