Biology

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) are two types of nucleic acid found in living organisms. DNA acts as genetic material in most organisms. RNA also acts as genetic material in some organisms as in some viruses and acts as a messenger. It functions as an adapter, structural, and 

Molecular Basis of Inheritance

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* The period through which an individual organism lives is known as its ^^life span^^.
* Reproduction is the process by which every organism ensures its continuity.
* All living organisms show a cycle of

  Birth → Reproduction → Death
* It is the process through which organisms produce young on

Reproduction in Organisms

Chemistry

* Alkanes are the simplest organic compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
* They have a general formula Cn(n)H(2n+2)
* Carbon atoms are bonded through a single bond.
* They are called saturated hydrocarbons.
* They contain strong C-C and C-H bonds hence they are chemically inert. (Do not un

Hydrocarbons: Alkanes

In angiosperms, the main plant body is the sporophyte. First hormonal changes occur, then morphological.

## Steps that occur during reproduction:


1. Pre-fertilization events
2. Fertilization events
3. post-fertilization events

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# Pre- Fertilization

Several hormonal and structural changes are i

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

* **Inheritance** is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny. It is the basis of heredity.
* **Variation** is the degree to which progeny differ from their parents. Variation may be in terms of morphology, physiology, cytology, and behavioristic traits of individuals bel

Principles of Inheritance and Variations

*  Human beings reproduce sexually and are viviparous.
*  In humans, the reproductive phase starts after puberty.
*  It involves: \n ○ Gametogenesis \n ○ Insemination \n ○ Fertilization \n ○ Implantation \n ○ Gestation \n ○ Parturition

# The Male Reproductive System →

*  It is located in the pelvi

Human Reproduction

Reproductive health simply refers to healthy reproductive organs with normal functions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), reproductive health means total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, that is, physical, emotional, behavioral, and social.

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## Improved reproductive healt

Reproductive Health

**Biodiversity** can be defined as the occurrence of different types of genes, gene pools, species, habitats and ecosystem in a given region. 

* The term biodiversity was given by socio-biologist Edward Wilson to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation. 
* There

Biodiversity and Conservation

**Pollution** is an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of air, water, land, and soil. \n 

(i) Pollutants are agents that cause an undesirable change in the environment. \n (ii) The Government of India has passed the Environment Protection Act, 1986 to prote

Environmental Issues

**An ecosystem** is a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. The word ‘Ecosystem’ was coined by Sir AG Tansley (1935). 2

* The size of an ecosystem varies greatly from a small pond to a large forest or a sea. 
