Congenital and Hereditary diseases: Developmental disturbances, Genetic abnormality (Hemophilia).

 Intrauterine injury: Congenital heart disease induced by German measles virus during pregnancy.

Interaction of genetic and environmental factors: Asthma.

Inflammatory diseases: The body reacts to an agent through inflammation, autoimmune diseases, allergic reaction, reacting to bacteria or microbiologic agents.

– Degenerative diseases: degenerations of various parts of the body, A manifestation of the aging process, osteoperosis (Loss of Bone).

Metabolic diseases : A disturbance in metabolic process in the body, Eg diabetes, disturbance of glucose.

Neoplastic diseases: Characterized by abnormal cell growth that leads to the formation of various types of tumors.

Computed tomography: Xray rotates around to produce a cross-section Xray.

Magnetic resonance Imaging: Magnetic field transmits and receives radiofrequency waves, dependant on response of H+ and water content of body tissues.

Positron emission tomography: Radioisotope procedure using cyclotron.

Epithelium: closely joined cells cover surfaces

 Muscle: Composed of actin and myosin Proteins

 Nerve: Neurons and supporting Neuroglia

Connective: widely separated cells + Matrix

Golgi apparatus: transports and modifies proteins

Endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins

Hematopoietic Stem cells: Pluripotent cells with the potential to undergo cell divisions in order to, Increase or maintain numbers, Generate a heterogenous pool of progenitors, Sustain haematopoiesis.

RBC activation: Kidneys detect low O2 in blood > secrete erythropoietin (EPO) > Stimulates erythropoiesis by the bone marrow > additional erythrocytes increase O2 carry capacity of blood.

Magekaryopoiesis: Cells stop dividing, become endomitotic, - increase their nuclear and cytoplasmic volume and ploidy - repeated mitosis without division (Platelet production).

Macrophages: detect, engulf, destroy pathogens and apoptotic cells, stimulate the immune system by presenting antigens on their cell surface, and producing cytokines.

Basophils: antigen presentation, stimulation, and differentiation of CD4+ T cells.

Eosinophils: immune response and pathogenesis of the allergic or autoimmune disease.

Mast cells: have granules rich in heparin and histamine and are important in allergy and immune tolerance.

Neutrophils: most abundant leukocyte found in human blood, cellular immune response.

Bone Marrow: Stem cells reside in the bone marrow in a low oxygen environment called the niche where they remain quiescent before eventually dividing and differentiating.