Key ideals of the American Revolution: progress, reason, and natural law

Declaration of Independence: expressed the philosophy behind the colonists fight against British rule

Unalienable rights: rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

iwi: individual tribes who sometimes engaged in warfare.

New Zealand Wars: Wars between the Māori and the British (British won)

Liberté, égalité, fraternité: ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity popularized by Philosophes

Estates-General: the clergy (religious officials), the nobility, and the commoners. Commoners split away and made the National Assembly.

Bastille: a former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy.

French Independence Day: July 14, 1789

Declaration of the Rights of Man: Statement declaring basic human rights.

The Reign of Terror: A period during which the government executed thousands of opponents of revolution, including the king and queen, started by the Jacobins.

Haiti: Rich French sugar and coffee colony at the end of the 18th century. First country in Latin America to win independence, and first black-led country in the Western Hemisphere.

Maroons: escaped slaves

Toussaint L’Overture: former slave that led a general rebellion against slavery. Had his own independent government.

Creoles: people born of European ancestry in the Americas. Considered themselves superior to the Meztizos

Meztizos: people born of European and Indian parents

Peninsulares: Colonists born in Spain or Portugal

Mullatoes: people born of African and either European or indigenous ancestry. Bottom of the social ladder

Simon Bolivar: born in Venezuela pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America.

Caudillos: strong, local leaders with regional power bases

Peru forbade voting by those who could not read or write in Spanish

Manuela Saenz: lover of Bolivar, Liberator of the Liberator, was a colonel in the army

Lola Rodriguez de Tio: critiqued Spain’s rule over Puerto Rico. Exiled from Venezuela and Cuba for her writings.

Propaganda Movement: Movement inspired by Enlightenment, Filipino students called for the greater autonomy of the Philippines.

José Rizal, a Propaganda Movement believer was arrested in 1892 and executed in 1896, starting the Philippine Revolution.

Nationalism was big in France, other areas of Europe and the Americas

Italian Peninsula: Count di Cavour attempted to unite it under the House of Savoy.

Realpolitik: Practical politics of reality

Risorgimento: Italian resurgence

Giuseppe Mazzini: Had a romantic revolutionary philosophy

Giuseppe Garibaldi: led the Red Shirts military force that fought in the Kingdom of Naples.

Otto van Bismarck: Prussian leader who made Austria participate in two wars, Prussia v. Denmark and the Seven Weeks’ War of 1866. Founded the new German Empire

Alsace-Lorraine: Long part of France on the border between France and new Germany.

Extreme nationalism led to World War I

Immigration: movement of people into the country from other countries.

Enlightenment and reverence reawakened Greek cultural pride and stoked the fires of Greek nationalism.

Balkan regions: Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania

Cultural markers: language, folk traditions, shared history, and religion.

Ottomanism: movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state. Officials minimized the ethnic linguistic, and religious differences across the empire. They also mandated a standard school curriculum.