MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT

BONE OR OSSEOUS TISSUE - is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms of the most of adult skeleton, the support structure of the body

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - Is the body system composed of bones and cartilage and performs the following critcal functions for the human body.

1. PROTECTS

Our dedicate organsneed protection:

a. The skull protects the brain

b. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord

c. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs

2. SUPPORTS

Our body needs a framework

a. The skeleton gives shape to our bodies

b. It holds our vital organs in place

c. It enables us to achieve a good posture

3. MOVES

   Our muscles use our bones to cause movement

a. The skeleton provides attachment for the muscles

b. The skeleton is jointed, which allows a wide range of movement.

c. Different joint allows different types of movement

4. PRODUCES BLOODS

   Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the ribs, humerus, vertebrate and femur.

CLASSIFICATION OG BONES

The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into five categories based on their shape.

1. LONG BONES - It is a long bone that is cylindrical in shape, being longer than it is wide. Long bones are found in the arms (Humerus, Ulna, Radius) and legs (Femur, Tabia Fibula) as well in the finger (Metacarpals, Phalanges) and toes (Metatarsals). We use then in main movement of the body.

2. SHORT BONES - It is the short bones tha is cube-like in shape, Being approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. The only short bones in the human skeleton are in the carpals of the wrist and the tarsals of the ankles.

3. FLAT BONES - A flat bone is the typically thin, it is also often curved. Examples include the (Cranial skull) bones.

4. IRREGULAR BONES - It is irregular bone that does not have any easily characterized shape and thereof does not fit any other classficaation. Example is Vertebrate that support the spinal cord and protect it from compressive force.

5. SESAMOID BONES - It is a small, round bone that, as the name suggest, is shaped like a sesame seed. The patellae (Singular = patella) are the only sesamoid bones found in common whit every person.

   PART OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

THE TWO CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT:

1. STRUCTURAL JOINT - The adjacent bones are strongly anchored to each other by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage.

2.FUNCTIONAL JOINT - Describe the degree of movement available between the bones, ranging from immobile to slightly mobile, to freely movable joint.

• SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT - These joints are not firmly fixed as are immovable joint, but the structure of bones and connective tissues in and around the joints restricts the range of motion to only a few degrees.

• IMMOVABLE JONTS - A formulation of two bones that have been fused togetherr. Such as joints are capable of movement by muscular force.

• FREE MOVABLE JOINTS - These joints have compaaratively large of movement and are of prime imprtance in motor performance. (Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hip, and Knee joints)

KIND OF JOINT MOVEMENTS

1. FLEXTION - (Bending) is a movement of a segment of the body causing a decrease in angle at the point, such as bending the arm at the elbow or leg at the knee.

2. LATERAL FLEXTION - Is bending sideway and it can occur to both the right and the left. The trunk and neck can also flex sideway.

3. HORIZONTAL FLEXTION - Is a body segment flexes through the horizontal plane.

4. DORSIFLEX - (Dorsal flex) is when the ankle is flexed, causing the top of the foot to draw closer to the tabia.

5. PLANAR FLEXTION - (Actually flextion) is the opposite movement at the ankle.

6. EXTENSION - ( Streching) is a movement in the opposite direction of flextion which causes an increase in the angle joint, such as straightening the elbow or the knee.

7. HORIZONTAL EXTESION - (Horizontal Abduction) occurs when the body segment extends through horizontal plane.

8. HYPEREXTENSION - Is extension of a body segment to a position beyond its normal extended position

9. ABDUCTION - Is movement ofa body segment in the lateral plane away from the midleline of the body, such as raising the leg or the arm sideway.

10. ADDDUCTION - Is a movement of a body segment toward the midleline, as moving the arm from the outward horizontal position downward to the vertical position.

11. ROTATION - Is a movement of a segment around its own longitudinal axis.

12. PRONATION - Is a rotation of the hand and forearm downward, resulting in a “palm-down” position.

13. SUPINATION - Is a rotaion of the hand and forearm upward resultinng in a “palm-up” position

14. INVERSION - Is a rotating of the foot turning the sole inward.

15. EVERSION - Is rotation of the foot turning the sole outward.

16. CIRCUMDUCTION - Is a circular or cone-like movements of the body segment, such as swinging the arm in a circular movement about the shoulder joint.

17. ELEVATION - Is when the shoulder is lifted upward as in shrugging the shoulders.

18. DEPRESSION - Is when lowering of the shoulder gridle.

19. PROTUCTION - (Abduction) Is movement ofthe shoulder girdle away from the midleline of the body, resulting in broadening of the shoulder.

20. RETRACTION - (Adduction) Is mobement of the shoulder girdle toward the midleline of the body, resulting in narrowing of the shoulder.