Intro 542-545 #1,3,4,8

1. Plants are unique in part because they are immobile. What other aspects of plants makes them unique? Each plants species has specific adaptation for a particular range of environmental conditions. For example most plants absorb nutrients from water in soil, pitcher plants obtain nutrients by digesting other organisms.

2. Why do plants need to exchange gases with the environment? In order to carry out photosynthesis.

3. Which two tissues make up plant vascular tissues? What roles do these tissues play in the life of a plant? Xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water and dissolved substances up from the roots. Phloem is a tissue that transports sugars and other dissolved substances throughout the plant and down to the roots.

   a. Which type of tissues would you expect to be most commonly uses as a food source. Why?

   b. Which types of tissue play a protective role in the plant? The epidermis is a single layer of cells that covers plants' leaves, flowers, roots and stems.

4. How might the fact that plants don’t move influence their ability to adapt to climate change and other environnemental tissues. That is a disadvantage for them in order to protect themselves from what were known as the climate change. If there is sudden change in the climate for example, temperature change. And also we had animals that can migrate to other places but plans cannot.

(Leaves) 12.2 p. 546  - 549: p. 551, #1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1. What functions do plants serve? The leaves are the primary food-making part of the plant. Leaves absorb carbon dioxide from the air, combine it with water that comes through the roots of the plants to make food, and release oxygen into the air.

2. How do monocot and eudicot leaves differ? Monocots have parallel venation whereas eudicots have network branching venation.

3. Describe the function of the epidermis, cuticle, mesophyll, guard cell

4. describe how sub-zero can affect leaves. Overall, the effects of sub-zero temperatures on leaves can be complex and depend on many factors, including the plant species, age, health, and environmental conditions.

(Stems) 12.3 p. 552 – 556: p. 557, #1, 2, 4

1. What functions do plant stems fulfill the plant? Stems are a place where water or carbohydrates can be stored, stems also raise and support the leaves and reproductive organs raising the leaves maximize their exposure to sunlight, so they are able to photosynthesize better. It can also help protect the plant from injury and herbivores.

2. What is cork cambium and what does it do? Cork cambium is a meristematic layer in a woody plant that produces cork. It helps prevent water loss from the stem.

   b) Do all plants have cork cambium? No not all plants have cork cambium.

3. Do mature cells of xylem tissue have nuclei? Explain. Xylem cells that reach maturity become hollow and dead. In this case, it no longer contains cell organelles, such as nucleus.

   (b) Do mature cells of phloem tissue in angiosperms have nuclei? Sometimes

(Roots) 12. 4 p. 558 – 563:, p. 563, #1, 4, 10

1. What are the biological functions of plant roots. They are there to anchor the plant by keeping it upright. They help in absorbing water and nutrients and sometimes storing water and carbohydrates.

2. Can you tell the difference between monocots and eudicots by looking at root cross-section? Why or why not?

   Monocot roots are fibrous, which means they grow from the stem and maintain a close relationship with the soil's surface. Dicots, on the other hand, have "taproots," which refers to a single, thick root that develops deeply into the soil and has smaller lateral branches.

3. Plants store most of their starch in their roots rather than their leaves. This storage often at it’s maximum in the winter.

   (a) How might these adaptations benefit the plant? Starch does not support bacterial growth as well as sugar so roots are

12.5 p. 564-570 #1,2,3,4

1. What is the main driving force for the movement of water in plants?

   The main driving force for the movement of water in plants is a process called transpiration, which is the loss of water from the plant's leaves and other aerial parts.

2. Why must active transport be used to move sugars and other solutes into the phloem? To help move these substances, the plant uses a special process called active transport. Active transport is like a little elevator that uses energy (like batteries) to move the substances up the hill, against the flow of concentration. This process is important for plants to get the substances they need to all parts of their bodies, so they can grow and stay healthy.

3. Describe the role of osmosis in movement of solutes in the phloem. Osmosis plays a key role in the movement of solutes in the phloem, as it helps to create the pressure gradient that drives the flow of solutes from the source to the sink tissues.

4. During an experiment, a student covers all the stomata of a plant with nail polish, sealing them shut?

   (a) Predict how this would affect water transport?

   If all the stomata of a plant are sealed shut with nail polish, it will affect water transport within the plant. Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for the exchange of gases, including water vapor. By sealing the stomata with nail polish, the plant is unable to lose water through transpiration, which is the process of water movement through the plant and its evaporation from the leaves.

   (b) How would this affect transport in the phloem?

   However, the absence of transpiration caused by the sealed stomata could indirectly impact phloem transport. Transpiration creates a negative pressure gradient that draws water and solutes up the plant, and this gradient is critical for the movement of solutes in the phloem. Without the negative pressure gradient created by transpiration, the rate of phloem transport may be reduced, and the overall health and function of the plant may be impacted.