Restoration

• Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell under a dictatorship

• 1660 - Exiled son of Charles I ascends to throne as Charles II

• Under Charles II + James II, Britain had heavy control over colonies

Salutary Neglect

• 1660-1763

• The Glorious Revolution marked the end of the French + Indian War

• Created colonies for business ventures and/or religious refuges

• Included colonies’ self-gov’t + protected rights

• More control in the future would eventually lead to resistance and the American Revolution

Mercantilism

• Nations are in competition (economic rivals = natural enemies)

• Ensured a favorable balance of trade

• Colonists gave raw goods to Britain + bought manufactured goods from Britain

  • Benefited Britain

• Limited colonial economy + created dependence

Navigation Acts

• 1651, 1660

• Charles II created new colonial control policies

• Because ONLY British merchants could ship goods, there was high revenue for Britain

• Colonists avoided compliance

Dominion of New England

• Enforced tight bureaucratic control

• Created by James II + led by Edmund Andros

• Ended by Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

• 1688-1689

• English citizens rejected James II + overthrew him

• Put William and Mary on the throne

Georgia

• 1733 - Founded by James Oglethorpe to reform British debtor prisons

• Because it was a penal colony, it was expendable

• Served as a buffer colony b/w Britain + Spain’s territories

• Unsuccessful as an alternate source of silk

Leisler’s Rebellion

• 1689 - Jacob Leisler + New York merchants rebel against aristocracy

• Showed American colonists’ distaste of European political structures

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1676 - William Berkeley refused to help colonists in danger of Native American attacks, which angered Nathaniel Bacon

• Bacon + other colonists attacked Native Americans + burned Jamestown

• Showed that American frustration w/ British mismanagement would eventually led to violence

French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)

• Climax of conflicts b/w Britain, France, Spain

• War started in 1754

• Britain + Iroquois Native Americans vs. France + Huron Native Americans

• 1763 - Treaty of Paris (France cedes land to Britain)

• New taxes on American colonists to pay for war

Albany Plan of Union

• Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754

• A central gov’t would unify the colonies + make it easier to coordinate defenses against the Native Americans + French attacks

• Unpopular

• “Join, or Die.”

Fort Duquesne

• French + Indian War

• George Washington attacked fort twice

• Fell to the British in 1758

• Renamed Fort Pitt (after William Pitt)

• 3 rivers + city of Pittsburgh

Battle of Quebec

• Represented the climax of French and Indian War

• General Wolfe assaulted the fortress from behind + inflicted many French casualties

• France surrendered Canada in 1760

William Pitt

• Continued formation of British empire

• Served as Secretary of State of British empire in 1756

• Rallied anti-French support

• Helped Britain during French + Indian War

Molasses Act

• 1733

• Hated by American colonists

• Colonists were only allowed to sell sugar to Britain

• Resulted in more smuggling

George III

• 1760 - Came to power during French + Indian War

• Extended firmer control over British colonists (abused power)

Proclamation of 1763

• 1763

• Britain didn’t use standing army to protect colonists (eventually resulting in Pontiac’s Rebellion)

• Colonists couldn’t settle past Appalachian Mts. (couldn’t expand into Ohio River Valley)

• Colonists defied British authority because they were hungry for land

Paxton Boys

• Scots-Irish frontiersmen

• Marched to Philadelphia in 1764

• Disliked Quakers because they did not use violence to defend against Native Americans

Land Fever

• Expanding west would relieve tensions in Coastal Plain (problems caused by soil depletion + population growth)

• Faced Native American attacks + harsh conditions

Daniel Boone

• Personified westward expansion

• Led settlers west in 1775

• Led frontier militia + position in colonial gov’t

Regulator Movement

• 1768 - Uprising in North Carolina

• Scots-Irish protested concentration of power in coastal regions

Green Mountain Boys

• Formed in Vermont in 1770

• Militia group of frontiersmen + land speculators

  • Unsatisfied w/ East, wanted freedom in West

• Militia force in American Revolution

Zenger Trial

• Represented freedom of the press

• 1735 - John Peter Zenger not charged for slander

  • Proved that if criticism of royal governor is TRUE, it can be printed in newspapers

Patrick Henry

• 1763 - Calls King George III a tyrant

• Lawyer + orator in House of Burgesses

• Parson’s Cause

• “Give me liberty, or give me death!”

• 1787 - Didn’t like centralization of power in Constitutional Convention

BIG PICTURE

• Evolving British philosophies → Impacted relationship b/w Britain + colonies

• Stronger control over colonies → Conflict

• Fought for British in 3 wars → Independent identity + unity

• Mercantilism + absolutism → Abused & neglected colonists’ rights

• Rebellions - Use violence to redress grievances

• Indentured servitude

  • Improved farming conditions + climate in England → Young men stayed in England

  • Provided labor source in Virginia → Improved economy

• Primogeniture

  • Only benefitted oldest son → Sons of gentry have small chance of getting rich in England

  • Encouraged immigration to America

• Rhode Island and New Hampshire - New England colonies

  • Massachusetts - Puritans are religiously intolerant

  • Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay → Founded RI + NH

  • RW - Wanted separation of church & state + disagreed w/ Puritan treatment of Native Americans

  • AH - Criticized limited role of women in Puritan society

• Greatest significance of Spanish encomienda system in 16th century?

  • Spanish Crown forbade slavery

  • Included native chiefs + elders in system → Lessened Native American rebellions

  • Cash crops + mercantilism are NOT primary goals

• Southern gentry

  • Large plantation homes

  • Gained great wealth through plantation economy → Built large homes replicating European manor houses

• Which colony valued formal education for children?

  • Massachusetts

  • Puritans - Educate children → Religion will survive

  • Preserve Puritan culture + keep followers homogenous & disciplined

  • Separation of church + state → Created public schools

• Maryland - Religious tolerance

  • Lord Baltimore - Refuge for Roman Catholics persecuted by Anglican Church

  • Religious freedom only for Christians