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AP English Literature and Composition Ultimate Guide
Unit 1: Short Fiction I
Interpreting the Role of Character in Fiction
The three main textual details that reveal information about characters are:
Physical Appearance: The description of the character's physical appearance can give us insights into their personality, background, and social status.
For instance, if a character is described as well-groomed and impeccably dressed, it suggests that they might be wealthy or have high social standing.
Dialogue: What a character says can also provide clues to their personality traits such as their values, beliefs, intelligence level and emotional state.
For example, if a character speaks in short sentences with simple vocabulary this could suggest they lack intellectual depth or emotional range.
Actions/Motivations: Actions taken by the characters often help readers understand what drives them to act certain ways (motivations).
If a thief robs someone out of greed for money we know he/she may value wealth over morality; whereas sacrificing themselves for another suggests altruism.
These textual details offer insight into how each individual interacts with others around them allowing an author to paint fuller picture of who these people are will developing the plotline further through dialogue/action towards climax/resolution etc…
Importance of Character
Characters play a crucial role in any story.
They are the driving force behind the plot and help to create an emotional connection between the reader or audience and the narrative.
Characters can be protagonists, antagonists, supporting characters, or even minor characters - but they all serve a purpose.
Character Perspective
Perspective is an individual's interpretation of their own experiences and how they view the world.
It is a crucial element in literature, as it allows the author to convey their unique outlook on a particular topic or issue.
By providing insight into the author's personal experience, perspective helps to build a strong connection between the writer and their audience, as it allows readers to empathize with the author and develop a deeper understanding of the underlying themes of the work.
Additionally, perspective helps to create a more vivid and detailed picture of the story, enriching the reading experience as it encourages readers to consider different points of view and form their own opinions.
Identifying and Interpreting Setting
Physical Descriptions
In writing, physical description refers to the use of descriptive language to provide details about a setting or location.
This can include things like the appearance of buildings, landscapes, weather conditions, and other sensory information that helps readers visualize the environment being described.
By using vivid language and sensory details, writers can create a more immersive experience for their readers and help them feel as though they are experiencing the setting themselves.
Good physical description is an important part of world-building in fiction writing and can also be used effectively in non-fiction writing such as travelogues or memoirs to bring places to life for readers who have not experienced them firsthand.
Historical and Cultural References
Identifying setting involves understanding the time and place where a story takes place. Historical and cultural references can help with this process by providing context for the setting.
For example, if a story is set in 19th century England, historical events such as the Industrial Revolution or Victorian social norms could be referenced to give readers an idea of what life was like during that time period.
Cultural references can also play a role in identifying setting.
For instance, if a story is set in Japan, cultural elements such as traditional clothing or cuisine may be mentioned to provide insight into Japanese culture.
In addition to these examples, other historical and cultural references that may appear in literature include art movements, political climates, religious practices and traditions, technological advancements, music genres and fashion trends.
All of these elements can add depth to the setting of a literary work.
Social Norms and Customs
Social norms and customs play an important role in identifying a setting.
Every culture has its own unique set of social norms and customs, which govern how people behave and interact with one another in different settings.
For example, if we were to consider the workplace as a setting, certain social norms and customs would be expected to be followed by employees.
These may include arriving on time for work, dressing appropriately for the job, addressing colleagues respectfully, following company policies and procedures, etc.
Demographics
Demographics refer to the characteristics of the population in that particular area.
These characteristics can include age, gender, ethnicity, income level, education level and occupation.
Understanding these demographics is essential because they give insight into who lives in that area and what their needs might be.
For example, if an author were writing a book set in a low-income urban neighborhood primarily populated by African American families with young children then understanding those demographic factors would help paint a more accurate picture of life in that community for readers.
Demographics can also influence how people interact with each other and their environment which may impact how you as an author build out characters or plotlines within your story's setting.
Technology and Transportation
Technology and transportation can provide important clues about the time period and location in which a story is set.
Technology refers to the tools or machines that are used to accomplish tasks.
For example, if a story mentions telegraphs, it suggests that it's set before widespread use of telephones.
On the other hand, if characters are using smartphones, it implies that it's set in modern times.
Transportation similarly offers insights into a story's setting based on how people move around.
If characters are travelling by horse-drawn carriage or steam train, for instance, this may indicate an earlier time period than if they're flying on airplanes or taking cars.
Influence of Setting
The setting of a text can be an impactful factor, in that it can be used to convey a variety of themes, tones, emotions, and atmosphere.
It can provide a sense of place for the characters and plot, as well as give insight into the culture and values of that particular society.
Furthermore, the setting can act as a catalyst for character development, as characters often interact with their environment in meaningful ways.
In this way, the setting can influence the story as a whole and be the source of much of its meaning.
Understanding How a story’s Structure affects Interpretations
General: Structure
Chronological
Chronological plot structure is a storytelling technique where events are presented in the order they occur in time.
The story follows a linear timeline, with events unfolding from beginning to end.
This type of plot structure is commonly found in realistic fiction, historical fiction, and biographies.
It can also be used in other genres such as romance or drama.
Non-Chronological
A non-chronological plot structure refers to a storytelling technique where events are presented out of sequence, often through the use of flashbacks or other narrative devices.
This means that the story is not told in chronological order from beginning to end.
Linear
A linear plot structure is a type of storytelling in which events unfold in chronological order, with a beginning, middle, and end.
The story typically progresses through a series of clear and sequential stages or phases that build toward the climax and resolution.
Cyclical
Cyclical plot structure is a narrative technique in which the story ends where it began, creating a sense of circularity or repetition.
This means that the events, themes and motifs in the story will come full circle by returning to their starting point.
Episodic
Episodic plot structure is a literary technique that involves dividing a story into smaller sections or episodes, each with its own mini-plot.
Unlike a traditional linear narrative, where events build on one another to create rising action and climax, an episodic structure allows for greater flexibility in storytelling.
Subplot
Subplot is a secondary plot that runs parallel to the main plot in a story.
It serves as an interwoven narrative that complements or contrasts with the primary storyline, often involving different characters and settings.
A subplot can add depth, complexity, and richness to a story by providing additional perspectives, exploring themes or motifs not fully developed in the main plot, or creating tension and suspense.
Dramatic Situation
Types of Dramatic Situation
Tragedy
Tragedy typically involves the main character facing a series of conflicts and obstacles that challenge their beliefs and values.
The climax of the story occurs when the protagonist's tragic flaw causes them to make an irreversible mistake that leads to their downfall.
Comedy
is the use of humor to lighten the mood or provide relief during an intense or serious moment.
In film and television, this can be used to break tension and keep audiences engaged.
Romance
Romance is a complex human emotion that involves intense feelings of affection and attachment towards another person.
It typically includes actions or gestures aimed at making the other person feel loved, desired, and appreciated.
Adventure
Adventure refers to an exciting or unusual experience that involves taking risks and exploring the unknown.
It can involve physical activity, such as hiking or rock climbing, but it can also refer to mental or emotional challenges, like starting a new business venture or traveling to a foreign country for the first time.
Mystery
Mysteries are a classic element of dramatic situations, as they provide suspense and intrigue that keep the audience engaged.
In fact, many popular movies, TV shows, and books revolve around a central mystery that needs to be solved by characters in the story.
Fantasy
Fantasy in dramatic situations can be a powerful tool for creating tension and suspense in storytelling.
It allows the audience to escape into a world of imagination, where anything is possible.
Understanding and Interpreting a Narrators Perspective
Narrator
A narrator is a person or character who tells the story, either in writing or verbally.
The narrator can be a participant in the events being described, such as a first-person narrator, or they can simply observe and describe the action from an outside perspective, like a third-person narrator.
The choice of narration style can have a significant impact on how readers experience and interpret the story.
Speaker
A "speaker" is the voice that communicates with the reader or audience.
The speaker in a poem can be the poet themselves or a persona created by the poet to convey their message.
Point of View
First-person Point of View
First person point of view is a narrative perspective where the story is told from the perspective of "I" or "we".
This means that the narrator is a character within the story and can share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences directly with the reader.
Second-person Point of View
Second-person point of view is a writing perspective in which the narrator addresses the reader directly as "you."
It's often used to give instructions, offer advice, or create an immersive experience for the reader.
This POV can make readers feel like they're part of the story and can help them better understand and connect with characters.
Third-person Point of View
Third-person point of view is a narrative perspective in which the story is told by an external narrator who refers to characters and events using third-person pronouns such as "he," "she," or "they."
This means that the narrator is not a character within the story, but rather an observer who can see everything that happens.
Omniscent Point of View
The omniscient point of view, also known as the "god-like" perspective, is a narrative technique where the narrator has complete knowledge and awareness of all characters' thoughts, feelings, actions and motivations.
In this perspective, the narrator can see into various character's minds simultaneously and provide insights that no single character could know.
Reading Text Literally and Figuratively
Reading text literally means interpreting the words exactly as they are written, without adding any additional meaning or interpretation.
It involves taking a word-for-word approach to understanding the text.
Reading text figuratively involves looking beyond the literal meaning of words and trying to understand what else might be implied by them.
This may involve analyzing metaphorical language or considering how different elements of a piece of writing interact with each other to create deeper meanings.
The Basics of Literary Analysis
Literary Analysis
Literary analysis is the practice of examining a literary work, such as a novel, poem or play, and breaking it down into its various components to better understand how they contribute to the whole.
This involves analyzing elements like characters, themes, setting, plot structure and symbolism in order to gain insight into what the author was trying to convey.
How to write Literary Analysis Arguments
Claim
Claim typically refers to the central argument or thesis statement that a writer makes about a particular piece of literature.
It is an assertion that the writer intends to prove through their analysis of the text.
The claim should be clear, specific, and arguable, so that it can guide the rest of your essay.
Evidence
Textual evidence is information from a written work that supports or proves a point being made.
It can be a direct quotation, paraphrase, or summary of the original text and should always be cited with proper attribution to give credit to the author.
Using textual evidence is an important part of forming arguments in academic writing and helps build credibility by showing that your ideas are based on factual information from reliable sources.
Unit 2: Poetry I
Identifying Characters in Poetry
Character Components in Poetry
Dramatic Situation
In poetry, a dramatic situation is a literary device used to create tension and conflict within the poem.
It involves presenting an event or circumstance that causes emotional upheaval for the speaker and/or other characters in the poem.
The dramatic situation typically involves some kind of crisis or conflict that must be resolved.
This can take many different forms, such as a personal struggle with inner demons, a romantic entanglement gone wrong, or even an epic battle between good and evil.
Imagery and Figures of Speech
Imagery and figures of speech are commonly used in literature and writing to create a vivid description or convey an idea.
Imagery refers to the use of language that appeals to the senses, such as sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell.
Figures of speech are more complex forms of language that create meaning beyond literal interpretation.
There are many types of figures of speech including similes (comparing one thing with another using "like" or "as"), metaphors (describing something by comparing it directly to something else), personification (giving human characteristics to non-human things), hyperbole (exaggeration for emphasis), and many others.
Understanding and Interpreting meaning in Poetic Structure
In a poem, line breaks and stanza breaks help to develop ideas.
Contrasts are also utilized to build on the audience's interpretations of the poem.
Authors use various techniques (such as establishing imagery, character development, a dramatic situation, setting, and the speaker's perspective) to signify and implicitly create contrasts in a text.
Contrasts can also be the direct result of juxtapositions and shifts.
Shifts can be determined by punctuation, a structural convention, or simply a word.
Syntax & Interpretations
Structure
The composition of a poem is deliberately contrived by authors and commonly utilized to assist readers in interpreting the urgency.
The structure of the poem as a totality can allude to ideas, just as the structure of each section can grow an idea.
Punctuation is crucial towards understanding the structure of a poem, or any text in general.
Readers can study many punctuational elements, including the amount of commas, exclamation points, complete or incomplete sentences, periods, question marks, and semicolons, within a poem.
Rhythm, parallel syntax, repetition, and figurative language can help formulate patterns in a poem.
As readers and interpreters, it is important to recognize these patterns and contemplate its purpose in the poem.
Themes
Many poems are crafted to convey specific themes, which can be explicitly pronounced or intricately woven (oftentimes left for readers to decipher or infer).
Despite some works being more intricate than others, readers can glean the author's messages through their utilization of syntax.
Analyzing Word Choice to Find meaning
Antecedent refers a phrase, clause, or word in which precedes its referent.
Referents can include clauses, nouns, pronouns, or phrases.
Alliteration and repetition can also affect interpretations and assumptions, seeing as they can emphasize associations or ideas.
Similes and metaphors also serve different purposes in poems.
A simile uses "like" or "as" to compare two concepts or objects.
A metaphor similarly compares two concepts or objects, but it does not use "like" or "as"
Grammar, Diction, & Tone
Grammar
Grammar plays a fundamental role in literature, as it provides the framework for texts and conveys the author's intended message.
With grammar, authors are able to create a composition that is precise and powerful, forming a connection with the reader and conveying their thoughts in a precise and articulate manner.
Grammar also contributes to the overall aesthetic of a work, as punctuation, spelling, and word choice are all essential components of any writing.
Furthermore, grammar enables writers to easily establish their ideas, as well as create a distinct voice in their work. In short, grammar is a crucial element of any piece of literature, and its importance should not be overlooked.
Diction
Diction in literature is the selection of words employed by an author to give life to their writing and express a certain atmosphere or feeling.
It is a fundamental element in creating vivid and captivating stories, as it enables authors to evoke imagery in their readers' minds and shape the way they interpret a given text.
The use of diction can also emphasize certain ideas and themes, as the words chosen can connote certain emotions, feelings, and attitudes.
Diction is an essential tool of the writer, as it can be utilized to craft an array of powerful and evocative stories and messages.
Tone
Tone in literature refers to the attitude of the author towards the work's characters, themes, and settings.
This attitude is expressed through the author’s use of language, such as through diction, syntax, imagery, and other literary devices.
Tone can be either positive or negative, and conveys the author's feelings and opinions about the work, thereby creating an emotional response from the reader.
Tone can also be used to create suspense, mystery, and humor, as well as to enhance the overall mood of the work.
Identifying Techniques in Poetry to Analyze Literary Works
Literary Devices
Literary devices are a wide variety of techniques used to enhance the written word, including figures of speech, rhetorical devices, and imagery.
They are often utilized to provoke emotion, evoke imagery, and to help the reader understand a particular message or concept more clearly.
Popular figures of speech include alliteration, metaphor, and simile, while rhetorical devices include anaphora, antithesis, and asyndeton. Imagery, meanwhile, is a literary device that uses sensory descriptions to create vivid mental images for the reader.
Prosody
is the study of the rhythmic, metrical, and tonal aspects of verse. It is a multifaceted discipline, which encompasses a range of elements such as cadence, syllabic structure, emphasis, and stress.
Additionally, prosody is employed to emphasize certain words or phrases and convey a range of emotions to the reader.
Furthermore, prosody highlights the poetic elements of a text, such as rhyme, alliteration, and assonance.
As a result, prosody plays an important role in literature, aiding readers in better understanding the intent of the author.
Unit 3: Longer Fiction or Drama I
Interpreting Character Description and Perspective
Charcter Description
A character description is a written or spoken representation of a fictional or non-fictional character's physical appearance, personality traits, motivations, and other defining characteristics.
It might include details such as age, height, weight, hair color/style, eye color/shape, clothing style/preferences that the character has.
The purpose of creating a detailed character description is to help readers understand and connect with the characters in your story by making them feel more real and relatable.
Characters Perspective
When we talk about a character's perspective, we are referring to the way in which they see and interpret their surroundings.
This includes how they perceive other characters, events, places and situations.
A character's perspective is shaped by their personality traits, beliefs, values, experiences and biases.
Dynamic Characters
A dynamic character is a type of character in fiction who undergoes significant internal change throughout the course of a story.
These changes might occur as a result of their experiences, interactions with other characters, or new information that they learn.
Common Changes
Health
Wealth
Perspective
Motives
Skills
States
Static Characters
Static characters are fictional characters who remain the same throughout a story or novel.
These types of characters do not undergo any significant changes in their personalities, beliefs, or values during the course of the narrative.
They may still play important roles in advancing the plot and influencing other characters' actions, but they themselves do not experience any growth or development.
Examples of Static Characters
Children’s stories
Symbolic Characters
Mentor Characters
Detective Characters
Antagonists
Setting the Scene
Setting the scene refers to the process of creating a detailed and immersive environment in which a story or event takes place.
This includes describing the physical surroundings, such as buildings and landscapes, as well as providing information on key characters and their personalities, motivations, and actions.
By setting the scene effectively, writers can transport readers or audiences into a different world that feels vivid and real. In theater or film production, setting the scene may involve designing sets, costumes, lighting effects etc., while in literature it often involves using descriptive language to paint pictures with words.
Conflict
Conflict is a crucial element of literature that drives the plot forward and creates tension in the story.
It refers to the struggle between two opposing forces, which can be internal or external.
Internal conflict occurs within a character's mind and emotions, such as their fears, doubts, or desires.
This type of conflict often involves making difficult decisions or overcoming personal obstacles.
External conflict occurs outside of the character and can take many forms such as person vs person (interpersonal), person vs society (societal), person vs nature/environmental issues (natural) ,person vs supernatural/fate etc.
Person Vs Person
The concept of "person vs person" is often used in literature and storytelling to describe a conflict or struggle between two individuals.
This can take many forms, such as physical violence, emotional manipulation, or competition for resources or status.
Person Vs Self
Person vs self is a type of conflict where the main character struggles with their own thoughts, beliefs, or emotions.
In this conflict, the protagonist faces an inner battle between what they want and what they think is right.
This can result in feelings of guilt, anxiety, or doubt.
Person Vs Society
refers to a type of external conflict where the main character struggles against the norms, rules and expectations of their culture or group.
The protagonist may face resistance from authority figures like government officials, religious leaders or cultural icons who seek to maintain the status quo.
Person Vs Nature
The conflict between person and nature is a common theme in literature, film, and other forms of art.
This conflict can take many different forms, but at its core it represents the struggle between human beings and the natural world around them.
Plot Development
Plot development is a crucial aspect of storytelling that involves the progression and unfolding of events in a narrative.
It includes the introduction of characters, setting up conflicts and challenges for them to face, rising action as tension builds, climax where the main conflict comes to a head, falling action as tensions ease off and loose ends are tied up, and finally resolution or conclusion.
Interpreting Symbolism
Symbolism
Symbolism in literature is the use of symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
These symbols can be objects, images, actions, or even characters that stand for something deeper than their literal meaning.
The purpose of using symbolism in literature is to convey complex emotions and ideas that may not be easily expressed through words alone.
Common Symbols
Objects
Character
Colors
Animals
Events
Identifying Evidence and Supporting Litearary Arguments
Thesis Statement
A thesis statement is a concise declaration of the main point, argument or focus of an essay, research paper or other academic work.
It summarizes the writer's position on the topic and presents an overview of what will be discussed in the body paragraphs to follow.
The thesis statement is typically located at the end of the introduction paragraph and serves as a roadmap for readers to understand where your writing is headed.
Evidence and Commentary
Evidence refers to the information or data that supports a claim or argument.
It can take many forms, including statistics, quotations from experts, examples from historical events or personal experiences.
Commentary, on the other hand, is an explanation or interpretation of evidence provided by the writer.
It's where you provide your own insight and analysis on how the evidence relates to your argument.
Commentary helps readers understand not only what the evidence means but also why it's important in supporting your thesis statement.
An effective commentary should connect back to your main point while providing new insights and perspectives for readers to consider.
Line reasoning in literature refers to the process of analyzing a text on a line-by-line basis, paying close attention to each individual sentence and how it contributes to the overall meaning of the work.
This approach is often used in literary analysis or close reading, where readers carefully examine every word and phrase in order to gain a deeper understanding of the author's intended message.
Examples of Evidence
Facts
Summaries of the Scene
Major Plot Events
Character Developments
Sophistication
Identifying and exploring complexities or tensions within the selected work
Illuminating the students interpretation by situating it within a broader context.
Accounting for alternative interpretations of the selected work
Employing a style that is consistently vivid and persuasive
Unit 4: Short Fiction II
Protagonist
A protagonist is the main character of a story or narrative, who typically drives the plot forward and undergoes some sort of change or transformation throughout the course of the story.
The protagonist is often faced with conflicts and obstacles that they must overcome in order to achieve their goals or desires.
They are usually presented as sympathetic figures to whom readers can relate and root for.
Antagonist
An antagonist is a character or force in a story, movie, or play that opposes the main character's goals and desires.
This opposition can create conflict and tension within the narrative, driving the plot forward.
Antagonists are often portrayed as villains or enemies of the protagonist, but they can also be forces of nature or circumstances beyond human control.
Character Relationships
Character relationships refer to the connections and interactions between different characters in a story or work of fiction.
These relationships can be positive, negative, complex, romantic, familial, or platonic.
Well-developed character relationships are crucial to creating a compelling story as they can drive the plot forward and reveal important details about each character's personality and motivations.
They provide insight into how characters perceive one another and how their actions affect those around them.
Atmosphere
The atmosphere in literature refers to the overall mood or feeling that is created by a writer's choice of setting, objects, details, images and language.
It can be described as the emotional tone of a scene or work which affects how readers perceive characters and events.
Atmosphere plays an important role in creating tension, suspense, mystery and other emotions that engage readers with the story.
For example, if an author wants to create a creepy atmosphere for their horror novel they might describe a dark abandoned mansion surrounded by misty woods where strange noises are heard at night.
In contrast, if they want to create a romantic atmosphere for their love story they might set it on an idyllic beach at sunset with soft music playing in the background.
Mood
Mood in literature refers to the emotional atmosphere or feeling that a work of literature conveys to its readers.
It is created through various elements such as tone, setting, imagery, and language choices.
Archetypes
Archetypes are universal patterns of behavior, personality traits, and symbols that are found across different cultures, time periods, and religions.
They emerge from our collective unconscious mind (a term coined by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung) and represent the fundamental human experiences that we all share.
The Hero: This archetype is typically a protagonist who overcomes obstacles and adversity to achieve a goal or accomplish something great.
The Mentor: This archetype is typically an older, wiser character who guides and advises the hero.
The Villain: This archetype is typically an antagonist who opposes the hero and cause conflict.
The Mother: This archetype is typically a nurturing, supportive character who cares for the hero.
The Trickster: This archetype is typically a clever and cunning character who uses wit and deception to achieve their goals.
The Outcast: This archetype is typically a character who is marginalized or rejected by society
Contrast
Contrasts are a literary device used to highlight the differences between two or more things in literature.
These can be contrasting characters, settings, themes, or ideas.
Contrasts help to add depth and complexity to a story by highlighting the different aspects of its elements.
Types of Narration
First-person narration
A story told from the perspective of one of the characters, using words like "I" and "me."
This type of narration allows the reader to experience the story through the eyes and thoughts of one specific character.
This can create a sense of intimacy and closeness between the reader and the character, making the reader feel as if they are living the story alongside the character.
However, it can also limit the reader's understanding of other characters and their motivations.
Third-person limited narration
A story told from the perspective of an omniscient narrator, but only focusing on the thoughts and feelings of one character.
This type of narration allows the reader to experience the story through the thoughts and feelings of one specific character, while still providing a sense of the broader events and actions of the other characters.
This can create a sense of empathy and understanding for the central character, while also providing a sense of the larger context of the story.
Third-person omniscient narration
A story told from the perspective of an all-knowing narrator, who has access to the thoughts and feelings of all characters.
This type of narration allows the reader to experience the story through the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters, which can provide a greater understanding of the story's themes and conflicts.
Stream-of-consciousness narration
A story told through the inner thoughts and feelings of a character, often in a disjointed or non-linear way.
This type of narration can make the reader feel as if they are inside the mind of the character, experiencing their thoughts and feelings in real-time.
This can create a sense of confusion, disorientation, and uncertainty, as the character's thoughts may not be fully formed or logical. It also allows the reader to experience the story in a more subjective, emotional way.
Objective narration
A story told from a neutral or detached perspective, without revealing the thoughts or feelings of any characters.
This type of narration allows the reader to experience the story in a detached, neutral way, which can create a sense of detachment or distance from the characters.
This can be useful for stories that focus on the bigger picture, such as the impact of historical events or the workings of a particular system. It also allows the reader to make their own judgments based on the objective information presented without any bias.
Narrative Distance
Narrative distance refers to the physical and emotional proximity between the reader or audience and the characters in a literary work.
The term is often used interchangeably with "narrative perspective" or "point of view," but it also encompasses aspects such as tone, voice, and style.
Physical Distance
Physical distance is a common theme in literature, often used to explore the complex emotions that arise when characters are separated from one another.
Physical distance can take many forms in literature, including geographical separation, social barriers, and even emotional isolation.
Chronological Distance
Chronological distance in literature refers to the time difference between when a literary work was written and the time period being described or depicted in the work.
This can also be referred to as historical distance.
Tone
Tone in literature refers to the author's attitude towards a subject or audience.
The tone can range from humorous, sarcastic, serious, sad, and so on.
It impacts the reader’s perception of the story or message conveyed by an author.
Tone also affects how we feel while reading.
For instance, if an author uses depressing tones throughout their work it might make us feel downcast; similarly happy tones would engender excitement within us.
Perspective
In literature, perspective refers to the point of view or the way in which a story is told.
It can refer to the narrator's position in relation to the story, or the characters' position in relation to the events.
Perspective can also refer to the way in which an author presents the characters, events, and themes of the story.
Unit 5: Poetry II
Intro to Closed Structure
Sonnet
A sonnet is a type of poem that consists of 14 lines and follows a specific rhyme scheme.
The most common form of sonnet is the Shakespearean, or English, sonnet which is divided into three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a concluding couplet.
Sonnets are often written in iambic pentameter, meaning each line contains ten syllables with alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.
They usually express themes such as love, beauty, mortality or philosophy.
Haiku
A haiku is a form of Japanese poetry that consists of three lines.
The first and third line contain five syllables, while the second line contains seven syllables.
Haikus usually aim to capture a moment in nature or express an emotion in a concise and elegant way.
Rhymed Couplet
A rhymed couplet is a literary device in poetry, comprising two lines that are of the same length and end with words that rhyme.
A couplet usually expresses a complete thought or idea within the two lines.
It can stand alone as an independent verse or be used as part of a larger poem or work.
Rhymed couplets have been widely used in English literature since medieval times and continue to be popular today in various forms of poetry such as sonnets, epics, and ballads.
Impact of Close Structure
The impact of close structure in literature is multifaceted.
Close structure refers to the use of a tight and rigid framework for organizing literary works, such as poetry or prose.
This type of structure often involves the use of strict form, meter, rhyme scheme or other formal elements.
One effect that close structure can have on literature is that it emphasizes discipline and control over creative expression.
By adhering to strict rules and guidelines, writers are forced to carefully consider each word they use and how it fits within the larger context.
As a result, this can lead to more deliberate writing with heightened attention paid to language and meaning.
Intro to Open Structure
Free Verse
Free verse is a type of poetry that doesn't follow any specific rhyme or meter scheme.
Instead, it relies on the natural rhythms and cadences of everyday speech to create its own unique structure.
This means that free verse can take many different forms and often looks more like prose than traditional poetry.
It allows poets to experiment with language in new ways and break from the constraints of traditional poetic forms.
Prose Poetry
Prose poetry is a type of creative writing that combines the characteristics of prose and poetry.
It often lacks traditional poetic structure, including meter, rhyme scheme, and line breaks.
Instead, it uses elements such as vivid imagery, figurative language, repetition, symbolism and heightened emotional content to evoke an aesthetic or artistic effect similar to that found in traditional poetry.
Imagery
Imagery refers to the use of descriptive language that appeals to the reader's senses, such as sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell.
The purpose of imagery is to create a vivid mental picture or sensory experience in the reader's mind by using words and phrases that evoke certain sensations or emotions.
Imagery can be found in various forms of literature including poetry, fiction and non-fiction writing.
It helps writers add depth and meaning to their work by creating strong emotional connections with readers through sensory experiences.
Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of speech that involves an exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis, humor or rhetorical effect.
It's used to make a point more strongly by describing something as greater than it actually is.
Hyperboles are often characterized by the use of extreme language and exaggerated claims in order to create a vivid impression on the reader or listener.
Understatement
Understatement is the act of describing something in a way that makes it seem less important, serious, or extreme than it really is.
It involves making an intentionally restrained or modest statement to create emphasis through subtlety and understatedness.
Personification
Personification is a literary device or figure of speech in which human qualities and characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, such as animals, objects, or abstract concepts.
This technique can help readers better understand and relate to the entity being personified by giving it relatable human emotions and actions.
Allusion
An allusion is a figure of speech that references a well-known person, place, event, or work of art in order to convey an idea or message.
It can be used to add depth and meaning to the text by invoking cultural knowledge and associations with the reference.
Allusions are often indirect and require some familiarity with the subject matter being referenced for full understanding.
Extended Metaphor
An extended metaphor is a literary device that compares two things in a more detailed and elaborate way than a simple metaphor.
It is also known as a conceit or sustained metaphor. In an extended metaphor, the comparison between the two things continues throughout an entire poem, prose, or chapter of a novel rather than being contained within one sentence or phrase.
The purpose of this type of figurative language is to create deeper meaning and insight for the reader by drawing out similarities between different objects or concepts over an extended period of time.
Unit 6: Longer Fiction or Drama II
Foil Characters
Similarities
Foil characters are two characters in a literary work who have opposing characteristics to highlight the traits of each other.
The similarities between foil characters are primarily found in their basic character traits, such as values, beliefs, and motivations.
Opposition
Opposition in foil characters refers to a literary technique used to highlight the contrast between two characters.
Foil characters are two individuals who have contrasting qualities that serve to emphasize each other's differences.
Choices
Choices are a common theme in literature as they often play a significant role in the development of characters and plot.
Choices can reveal aspects of a character's personality, values, and beliefs.
They can also drive the narrative forward by creating conflict or tension.
In many cases, choices present characters with difficult decisions that require them to weigh their options carefully before making a decision.
These choices may have far-reaching consequences that impact not only their own lives but those around them as well.
Actions
Actions in literature refer to the physical movements or behaviors of characters within a written work.
These actions can serve various purposes, including advancing the plot, revealing character traits, creating imagery and setting a mood.
Speech
Speech in drama refers to the dialogue spoken by characters on stage or in a film.
It is an essential part of any dramatic work and plays a crucial role in developing character, advancing the plot, and conveying themes.
Flashback
A flashback is a literary device that takes the reader back to an earlier time before the present moment in the narrative.
It can be used to provide context or background information about a character, event, or situation.
Flashbacks are often triggered by something in the present story that reminds a character of their past experiences.
They can be presented in different ways such as through dialogue, inner thoughts of characters, dreams or memories.
Foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is a literary device in which an author hints at or suggests future events that will occur later on in the story.
This can be done through dialogue, description of setting, and other elements of the narrative.
Foreshadowing is used to build suspense and anticipation for what's to come, as well as to add depth and complexity to characters and their motivations.
It can also create a sense of inevitability or fate, as if events are already predetermined even before they happen.
In medias res
"In medias res" is a Latin phrase that means "in the midst of things." In literature, it refers to starting a story in the middle of an action or plot instead of at the beginning.
This technique can create suspense and intrigue for readers, as they are immediately thrown into the story without knowing all of the background information.
Stream of Conciousness
Stream of consciousness is a literary technique that depicts the continuous flow of thoughts and feelings in a character's mind.
It involves writing in an unstructured, free-flowing manner without any filter or editing to capture the innermost thoughts and emotions of a character.
This style often includes fragmented sentences, non-linear narratives, and sensory descriptions that mimic the way our minds work when we think or daydream.
The stream-of-consciousness technique aims to provide readers with insight into characters' motivations, beliefs, fears, anxieties and desires by presenting uninterrupted internal monologues rather than organized plot lines or dialogues between characters.
Narrating and Reading Bias
Tone
When it comes to narrating, tone plays a crucial role in setting the mood and conveying emotions.
The tone of narration can be formal or informal, serious or humorous, sarcastic or sincere, depending on the content and context.
Narrative Bias
Narrative bias refers to the tendency of individuals to interpret and remember events in a way that fits into a pre-existing narrative or story.
This can lead people to filter out information that doesn't fit their established beliefs or expectations, and also leads them to selectively seek out information that supports their existing narrative.
Style and Structure
Archetypes
Archetypes are universal symbols and characters that represent recurring patterns of human behavior in literature, art, and culture.
In style and structure, archetypes can manifest in various ways.
In terms of structure archetype examples include plot structures like tragedy which involves the downfall of a morally upright character due to their tragic flaw; comedy which features light-hearted situations leading toward happy endings; rags-to-riches storylines where protagonists start out poor but through hard work become wealthy or successful; coming-of-age stories that depict young people transitioning into adulthood through conflicts with authority figures or personal growth experiences.
Metaphors
Metaphors are a powerful literary device used in both style and structure to convey meaning beyond the literal words on the page.
In terms of style, metaphors can be used to create vivid imagery in the reader's mind, allowing them to better understand and relate to the text.
For example: "Her hair was a golden waterfall cascading down her back." This metaphor not only paints a picture for the reader but also suggests that this person has an abundance of luxurious beauty.
Literary Argument Components
Evidence
Evidence is an essential component of any argument, as it provides support for the claims being made.
Evidence can take many forms, including statistics, studies, personal anecdotes or experiences, expert testimony and other sources that are relevant to the topic at hand.
When making an argument, it's important to not only present evidence but also to evaluate its quality and relevance. Good evidence should be credible (i.e., from a trustworthy source), provide accurate information and logically connect back to the claim being made.
Commentary
Commentary in literature refers to the analysis and interpretation of a literary work.
It involves examining various elements such as character development, plot structure, themes, symbols, language use and other literary devices used by an author in their writing.
The purpose of commentary is to give readers a deeper understanding of the text they are reading.
By analyzing these various elements within a piece of literature, we can gain insight into the author's intentions and explore different interpretations or meanings that may not be immediately apparent upon first reading.
Unit 7: Short Fiction III
Gradual and Sudden Change
Generally speaking, characters change gradually, over a period of time. In real life, character development is a gradual process. Humans change gradually.
Therefore, in order to make a character change realistic and believable, the character needs some time to change.
However, characters can sometimes change suddenly.
This can be because of a dramatic change in circumstances, such as the death of a loved one or a dramatic catastrophe.
Pacing and Character Change
The pacing of a story is the manipulation of time of a narrative.
Sometimes a story will speed time up — for example, by incorporating a timeskip. Sometimes a story will slow down individual moments for emphasis.
Pacing is an essential aspect of storytelling that can contribute to the overall meaning of a literary work.
The pace at which a story is told can influence the reader's emotional response to the events and characters in the story. For example, slow pacing can create suspense, while fast pacing can increase tension.
Types of Pacing
Slow Pacing: Slow pacing involves taking a longer amount of time to tell the story. This type of pacing allows the reader to focus on the details and emotions of the story. It creates an atmosphere of contemplation, contemplation and reflection.
Fast Pacing: Fast pacing involves rushing through events in the story. This type of pacing can increase the tension and suspense in a story, keeping the reader on edge. It is often used to create a sense of urgency and to make the story more dynamic.
Varied Pacing: Varied pacing involves using different speeds to tell the story. This type of pacing can create a sense of unpredictability and keep the reader engaged. By alternating between slow and fast pacing, the author can create different emotional responses in the reader.
The pacing of a narrative can have a significant impact on the reader's experience and interpretation of the story.
The speed at which events occur, the amount of time spent on certain events, and the manner in which events are organized can shape the reader's understanding of the story's characters, themes, and events.
Examining the Pacing of Narratives
Analyzing the use of scene and summary in a narrative
In analyzing the pacing of a narrative, it is important to understand the difference between scenes and summaries.
Scenes are typically more detailed and involve a characters direct experiences, while summaries are briefer and summarize what has occurred.
The use of both scenes and summaries can affect the pacing of a narrative, with more scenes creating a slower pace and more summaries creating a faster pace.
Evaluating the effect of pacing on the development of characters, plot, and themes
Pacing can greatly impact the development of characters, plot, and themes in a narrative.
For example, slow pacing can allow for deeper character development, while fast pacing can create a sense of urgency and intensity.
Changes in pacing can also reveal new information about characters and contribute to the progression of the plot.
How pacing can contribute to the overall mood and tone of the narrative
Pacing can also play a significant role in shaping the overall mood and tone of a narrative.
Slow pacing can create a more contemplative and introspective mood, while fast pacing can create a sense of excitement and urgency.
Strategies for Analyzing Pacing in Narratives
In order to analyze the pacing of a narrative, it is important to identify key moments where the pace changes.
After identifying key moments of pacing change, it is important to examine the purpose and effect of these changes.
The progression of time and the use of time-related elements such as flashbacks and flash-forwards can also greatly impact the pacing of a narrative.
Setting as a Symbol in Literature
Setting is an essential element in literature that can be used as a symbol to convey deeper meaning and enhance the overall theme of a work.
The setting refers to the time, place, and social environment or backdrop where the story takes place.
In literature, setting can be symbolic in several ways.
For instance, it can represent a character's emotional state or reflect their personality traits. It may also serve as a metaphor for certain themes or ideas.
Historical Context
Historical context is an important aspect of literature as it helps readers to better understand the social, political, and cultural climate in which a particular work was written.
By understanding this context, readers can gain deeper insights into the themes and messages that the author intended to convey.
In order to analyze historical context in literature effectively, one should consider several factors.
Firstly, it's important to examine the time period during which a work was written.
This includes looking at significant events that occurred during this time period such as wars or societal upheavals.
Analyzing the Texts
Close reading is an approach to reading and analyzing a text that focuses on the details of the text in order to uncover its meaning.
Close reading involves breaking down the text sentence by sentence, or even word by word, to look for patterns, symbols, and meanings that might not be immediately obvious.
Unit 8: Poetry III
Contrast
Contrast is a literary device in which two or more ideas, characters, settings, or objects are compared and contrasted.
Examples of contrast include comparing two characters from a story, comparing two different settings in a novel, and comparing two opposing ideas in a poem.
Ambiguous Language
Ambiguous language is language that is open to multiple interpretations. It often contains phrases or words which have multiple meanings and can be used to create confusion.
Examples of ambiguous language include phrases like "It could be worse," "I'm not sure," and "It depends."
Examples of Other Techniques
1. Alliteration: The phrase “purple prose” from William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” is an example of alliteration.
2. Metaphor: In Toni Morrison’s “Beloved,” the phrase “the sea of forgetfulness” is a metaphor for the loss of identity and history.
3. Simile: In Harper Lee’s “To Kill a Mockingbird,” the phrase “as busy as a bee” is a simile used to describe Atticus Finch’s dedication to his job.
Significance
When it comes to poetry, punctuation and structural patterns play a critical role in shaping the meaning and tone of the text.
In poetry, punctuation marks are used to create pauses, emphasize certain words, and convey different emotions.
Punctuation
When analyzing poetry, it is important to familiarize yourself with the basic punctuation marks used in written English and understand how they are used and what effect they have on the text.
This understanding can greatly enhance your ability to analyze the meaning and tone of a poem.
Structural Patterns
When it comes to poetry, understanding how the structure of a text can impact its meaning is key to a deeper appreciation of the genre.
Familiarizing yourself with common structural patterns used in written English, such as chronological order, cause-and-effect, comparison-contrast, definition, and classification, is an important step in analyzing the structure of a poem and understanding its impact on the text.
Analyzing the Use of Punctuation and Structural Patterns in a Text
When analyzing the use of punctuation and structural patterns in poetry, it's important to pay close attention to how they impact the meaning and tone of the text. Here are a few examples of poems to demonstrate this:
"The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost In this poem, the structure of the stanzas and the use of punctuation contribute to the contemplative tone of the speaker as they reflect on their choices in life. The rhyme scheme and repetition of certain words and phrases reinforce the theme of decision-making and the speaker's sense of uncertainty.
"Because I Could Not Stop for Death" by Emily Dickinson In this poem, the punctuation and structural patterns help to create a sense of timelessness and create a dream-like atmosphere. The use of dashes in place of traditional punctuation marks contributes to the fragmented and contemplative tone of the speaker's journey with Death.
"Sonnet 18" by William Shakespeare The structure of this sonnet follows the traditional sonnet form, with 14 lines divided into three quatrains and a final couplet. The rhyme scheme and repetition of certain words and phrases reinforce the speaker's admiration and love for their subject, while the use of punctuation contributes to the flow and rhythm of the poem.
Writing with Purposeful Punctuation and Structural Patterns
In poetry, the use of punctuation and structural patterns can have a significant impact on the meaning and tone of a text. Poets use these elements in creative and intentional ways to achieve specific purposes in their writing.
In poetry, the use of punctuation and structural patterns can have a significant impact on the meaning and tone of a text.
Juxtaposition
Juxtaposition refers to the placement of two or more things close together for comparison purposes.
It is often used in literature, art, and other creative fields to highlight contrasts between two objects or ideas by placing them side-by-side.
This technique can be used to create emphasis, irony, humor, or deeper meaning in a work of art or writing.
For example, a writer might use juxtaposition by placing images of light and darkness next to each other to emphasize the contrast between good and evil.
Paradox
Paradox is a tool that poets use to convey a deeper truth or to create a sense of mystery and intrigue.
It can be used to challenge conventional wisdom and to express ideas that cannot be expressed through straightforward or logical means.
Irony
Irony is a literary device that involves the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite or different from its literal meaning.
It can be used in poetry for various purposes, such as to create humor, satire, or social commentary.
Ambiguity
Ambiguity refers to a situation or phrase that can be interpreted in more than one way.
It happens when something has multiple meanings, and it's unclear which meaning was intended.
Ambiguity can occur in both written and spoken forms of communication, leading to confusion or misunderstanding.
Ambiguity is often used in poetry to create multiple interpretations and meanings within the same poem.
Poets use ambiguity as a tool for adding layers of complexity to their work, making it more thought-provoking and engaging. One way poets utilize ambiguity is through the use of metaphor and simile.
By comparing two seemingly unrelated things or ideas, poets can create an ambiguous image that allows readers to interpret its meaning in different ways.
Understanding conceits in poetry
When it comes to poetry, a conceit is an extended metaphor that compares two seemingly dissimilar things in order to create an interesting and original connection between them.
Conceits are often used in metaphysical poetry of the 17th century, but can also be found in other forms of literature.
To understand a conceit in a poem, one must first identify the comparison being made.
This might involve identifying key images or phrases that relate to each other in unexpected ways.
For example, if a poet were comparing love to a stormy ocean, they might use imagery related to waves and water alongside language describing passion and tumultuous emotion.
Understanding symbols in poetry
Symbols in poetry are objects, characters, or ideas that represent something beyond their literal meaning.
They can be used to convey complex emotions and meanings with economy of language.
Understanding symbols in poetry requires careful interpretation and analysis.
To understand a poem's symbols you should first read it carefully multiple times to get a sense of its overall tone and themes.
Then try to identify any recurring images or motifs that could be symbolic.
Finally consider the larger historical context - for example many poets during World War I used dark imagery like skulls and crows to comment on the horrors they witnessed.
MLA and APA citation styles
In MLA style, you would typically include the author's last name, the title of the poem in quotation marks, the title of the collection (if applicable), and the publication information, including the publisher and publication date.
Example:
In the poem "The Tyger," Blake explores the duality of creation and destruction through the image of the titular tiger.
(Blake, William. "The Tyger." Songs of Experience, 1794. Print.)
In APA style, you would typically include the author's last name, the publication year in parentheses, the title of the poem in quotation marks, and the publication information, including the publisher and publication date.
Example:
In the poem "The Tyger" (Blake, 1794), the author explores the duality of creation and destruction through the image of the titular tiger.
(Blake, W. (1794). "The Tyger." Songs of Experience. Print.
Common Issues to Avoid
When conducting literary analysis and citing sources, it is important to avoid the following common issues:
Plagiarism: Make sure to give proper credit to the original source of the material you are using inyour analysis.
This includes not only direct quotes, but also paraphrased material and ideas that are not your own.
Plagiarism not only goes against academic integrity, but it can also have serious consequences.
Misattribution: Ensure that you are accurately attributing quotes and ideas to the correct source.
Double-check the author and publication information before including it in your analysis.
Incorrect citation format: Make sure to follow the appropriate citation format, such as MLA or APA, consistently throughout your analysis.
Incorrect citation format can result in a lower grade or, in more serious cases, accusations of plagiarism.
Failure to quote: It is not enough to simply list the source of an idea or quote in a bibliography.
You must also include the specific page number or location of the material in the text of your analysis.
Not including enough information: Make sure to include enough information in your citations so that the reader can locate the original source.
This typically includes the author, title, publication date, and publishing information.
Unit 9: Longer Fiction or Drama III
Characters’ Response to Resolution
Lets say two of your classmates are working on a project together, but they cant agree on how to do it. They have different ideas and they’re not seeing eye to eye. One way they could resolve this conflict is by finding a middle ground and combining both of their ideas. In this case, one of them might be pretty happy with how things turned out because they got to use some of their own ideas. But, on the flip side, the other classmate may feel unhappy because they feel like they had to give up too much of their own idea. They might even be mad at their partner for not being more open-minded. The differing reactions of each classmate give you an idea of their personalities and character. The first classmate is amenable and values the incorporation of other peoples ideas, while the second classmate is stubborn and inflexible. Its worth noting that how people react to conflict resolution can depend on their personality, past experiences, and how they’re feeling at that moment.
Response in Speech
Expressing relief or joy: "Thank goodness that's over" or "I can finally breathe easy now."
This response can indicate that the character values peace and happiness, and that they are glad that the conflict has been resolved without further harm.
Expressing gratitude or appreciation: "I couldn't have done it without you," "I'm so grateful for your help," "I'm glad we were able to come to a resolution."
This response can indicate that the character values cooperation and teamwork, and that they recognize and appreciate the efforts of others in resolving the conflict.
Expressing regret or remorse: "I'm sorry for what I did," "I regret my actions," "I never should have let things get this far."
This response can indicate that the character values responsibility and accountability, and that they recognize their own role in the conflict and take responsibility for their actions.
Expressing anger or frustration: "I can't believe they did that," "I'm so angry about what happened," "I can't believe this is how it ended."
This response can indicate that the character values fairness and justice, and that they are upset that the resolution of the conflict did not align with their expectations or desires.
Expressing confusion or uncertainty: "I'm not sure what just happened," "I'm not sure how I feel about this," "I need some time to process everything." This response can indicate that the character values introspection and self-awareness, and that they are taking time to process and understand their feelings and reactions to the conflict resolution.
Expressing satisfaction or accomplishment: "I did it!," "I'm proud of what we accomplished," "I'm glad it turned out well."
This response can indicate that the character values success and achievement, and that they are proud of what they have accomplished in resolving the conflict.
Expressing defeat or disappointment: "I lost," "I'm not happy with the outcome," "I didn't expect it to end this way."
This response can indicate that the character values winning and being right, and that they are disappointed that the resolution of the conflict did not align with their expectations or desires.
Response Through Action/Choices
A character who celebrates or rejoices in the resolution of a conflict may reveal that they value peace and happiness.
They could be laughing, smiling, dancing, and generally showing signs of relief and joy.
A character who is vindictive or retaliatory in response to the resolution of a conflict may reveal that they value revenge or justice.
They could be taking actions to harm the other party, or plotting to seek revenge in the future.
A character who is remorseful or apologetic in response to the resolution of a conflict may reveal that they value responsibility and accountability.
Characters Changing
Developments and changes in characters can greatly affect the reader's interpretation of the character, conflict, and plot.
Some ways characters can show development are through their words, interactions with other characters, and their thoughts.
Primary versus Minor Characters
Minor characters are often not the main focus of the story, so they don’t really change or develop.
They’re mostly there to move the plot along or to have some sort of interaction with the main characters.
They’re like the supporting actors in a movie they play an important role but theyre not the star.
For example, a minor character might be introduced as a sidekick or a mentor to the main character.
They might give some advice or help out, but once their job is done, they disappear from the story.
Significant Events
Significant events usually relate to the text’s main conflict, and serve as vivid examples of the conflicting ideologies and beliefs that are present within the story.
These events can illuminate the internal struggles and tensions that drive the narrative, as characters are forced to confront and reconcile their differing values
Suspense
Suspense in narratives is the feeling of uncertainty or tension that a reader or viewer experiences as they follow a story.
It is created by a combination of different elements such as plot, characterization, setting, and tone.
One of the key ways to build suspense is through the use of significant events, arranged in a particular order.
Arrangement of Events
Firstly, the order in which events are presented can create a sense of progression and build-up. For example, a story that starts with a small problem and gradually escalates to a larger conflict will create a sense of tension as the stakes become higher.
Secondly, the use of cliffhangers, a technique where a story ends on a suspenseful or dramatic note, can greatly contribute to anticipation.
Thirdly, the use of red herrings, false clues or misleading information, can also contribute to anticipation.
This technique is often used in mystery or crime fiction where the reader is led to believe one thing but is later revealed to be something else.
Finally, the use of foreshadowing, as previously mentioned, can also contribute to anticipation by giving the reader or viewer an idea of what might happen in the future.
Conflict
Conflict in literature is created when there is a problem or struggle that the protagonist must face.
This can be caused by external forces such as other characters, society, or nature, or it can be internal conflicts within the character themselves.
Resolution
The resolution of a story is the part of the plot that comes after the climax, in which the conflicts and tensions of the story are resolved.
Its where the protagonists goal is achieved or not, and the story’s conflicts are brought to an end.
The resolution ties up any loose ends, and leaves the audience with a sense of closure.
Lack of Resolution
When a work of literature lacks resolution, it can have a significant impact on how the reader interprets and understands the story.
Without a clear resolution, the reader may be left feeling confused or uncertain about the meaning of the story or the fate of the characters.
This can be intentional on the part of the author, as it allows the reader to interpret the story in their own way and come to their own conclusions.
Narrator Changes & Inconsistencies
The narrator or speaker can change as the story progresses as a result of actions and interactions that take place within the story.
For example, in a first-person narrative, the narrator may be a character in the story.
As the story progresses, the narrators interactions with other characters may change their perspective, influencing the way they tell the story.
In a third-person narrative, the narrator may be an omniscient observer, but their perspective can still change as the story progresses.
Effect of Narrative Inconsistencies
Intentional narrative inconsistencies in a text can have a variety of effects on the reader. Some of these include:
Creating tension and uncertainty: Inconsistencies in a text can create a sense of confusion and uncertainty for the reader, which can be used to build tension and suspense.
Adding depth to the story: Inconsistencies can also be used to add depth and complexity to a story by introducing multiple perspectives, or by showing different versions of events.
Creating a sense of realism: Inconsistencies in a text can also create a sense of realism by mimicking the way that people perceive and remember events in real life.
Enhancing the theme: Inconsistencies in a text can also be used to enhance the themes of the story by showing the different ways in which people can perceive and interpret events.
Reflecting the narrator's bias: Intentional narrative inconsistencies can also reflect the narrator's bias, emotions and subjectivity; showing how their perspective might affect the way they tell the story.
Creating a sense of empathy: As the narrator develops, the reader may also develop a sense of empathy with them, which can affect the way they interpret the events and the characters in the story.
Multiple/Contrasting Perspectives
A single text can contain various, and even conflicting, perspectives.
This technique is often used by authors to add complexity and depth to their stories by presenting different characters viewpoints or by using different narrators.
For example, a novel could have multiple narrators telling the story from their own perspectives, or it could have one narrator who shifts between different characters perspectives.
Effect of Multiple Perspectives
Using multiple perspectives in a work can have a significant impact on the reader's interpretation of the story.
Some of the effects are similar to the effects of narrative inconsistencies.
They include:
Adding complexity and depth to the story by providing different viewpoints and insights into the characters and events.
Challenging the reader's understanding of the story by presenting multiple versions of the same event or character, forcing the reader to question their own perceptions and biases.
Creating empathy for the characters by allowing the reader to understand their thoughts and feelings, which can make the characters more relatable and human.
Creating a sense of subjectivity and relativism, by showing that the truth is not absolute, but rather depends on the perspective of the observer.
Creating a sense of mystery and uncertainty, by giving the reader only partial information and leaving them to piece together the story and make their own interpretations.