Indigenous Response to State Expansion

Nationalist Movements in the Balkans

Balkans gained sense of nationalism and desired independence from the weakening Ottoman Empire, setting ethnic tensions for World War I.
Treaty of Berlin: accorded special legal status to some religious groups, following Russia’s victory over the Ottoman Empire in 1878.

Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas

Proclamation of 1763: a British decided boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide in order to respect the territorial rights of the Native Americans.
Soon after the United States won independence from Britain, they took over Native American lands and displaced them.
The Cherokee (North American Natives) adopted much of colonial methods and culture such as farming, weaving, alphabet/literature, newspaper, and even their own constitution.
Indian Removal Act: In 1830 the US declared for removal of Native Americans residing within state borders in the East to a newly created Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma.
Ghost Dance Resistance: resistance to the Native American hate policies and colonizer culture. Fell at the Wounded Knee Massacre marking the end of the Indian Wars.

South Asian Movements

Sepoys (Indian soldiers) made up the majority of British army in colonial India.
British used pig grease to lubricate their rifles, which is against the Muslim and Hindu beliefs of the sepoys, leading to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the failed rebellion started Indian nationalism.
Indian Rebellion of 1857: A sepoy mutiny in the East India Company due to the low wages of discrimination to their religion the British put on them.
After the Rebellion, the British exiled the Mughal emperor and established the British Raj where the British ruled India with direct rule until India gained independence in 1947.

Southeast Asian Resistance

By the 1880s, the only independent country in Southeast Asia was Thailand, rest was controlled by the Dutch, Spanish, British, and French.
In Vietnam there was much resistance to the French colonization and even after the French took over, the people were still fueled with resistance motives.
Spanish took control of the Philippines in the 16th century.
Philippine Revolution: a rebellion against brutal Spanish rule in 1896.
Spanish American War: a conflict between the United States and Spain to end Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and ended up with U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.
Treaty of Paris ended the war but just gave colonial control of Philippines to the US.

Resistance in Australia and New Zealand

Aboriginal People: Native Australians who have the oldest continuous culture on Earth.
British colonizers did not see Australian natives as subjects of Britain and killed many of them.
Maori: indigenous people of New Zealand.
Treaty of Waitangi: protected the property rights of the Maori people.
Maori Wars: Military conflict between the Maori and British over rapid settlements.

African Resistance

Pan Africanism: Western-educated Africans who shared nationalism.
Sokoto caliphate established slave trade for economic growth, became largest African Empire since 16th century.
Anglo-Zulu War went in favor of the Zulus but the British defeated them and took over.
Xhosa Cattle Killing: Xhosa natives killed over 400,000 cattle and crops in the hope that the spirits would take away the British settlers.
Samory Toure War: Samory Toure (chief) led a group of warriors to establish a kingdom in Guinea but the French stopped them and eventually sent him into exile in 1898.
Mahdist Revolt: an Islamic revolt against the Egyptian government in the Sudan, British returned in 1896 and defeated the Mahdists in 1898
Yaa Asantewaa War: Queen warrior Yaa Asantewa led a rebellion (part of series of wars) against British control over the Asante Empire (modern day Ghana). British won in 1900 and the Asante Empire became part of the Gold Coast colony.

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AP World History Unit 6 - Lesson 6.3

Indigenous Response to State Expansion

Nationalist Movements in the Balkans

Balkans gained sense of nationalism and desired independence from the weakening Ottoman Empire, setting ethnic tensions for World War I.
Treaty of Berlin: accorded special legal status to some religious groups, following Russia’s victory over the Ottoman Empire in 1878.

Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas

Proclamation of 1763: a British decided boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide in order to respect the territorial rights of the Native Americans.
Soon after the United States won independence from Britain, they took over Native American lands and displaced them.
The Cherokee (North American Natives) adopted much of colonial methods and culture such as farming, weaving, alphabet/literature, newspaper, and even their own constitution.
Indian Removal Act: In 1830 the US declared for removal of Native Americans residing within state borders in the East to a newly created Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma.
Ghost Dance Resistance: resistance to the Native American hate policies and colonizer culture. Fell at the Wounded Knee Massacre marking the end of the Indian Wars.

South Asian Movements

Sepoys (Indian soldiers) made up the majority of British army in colonial India.
British used pig grease to lubricate their rifles, which is against the Muslim and Hindu beliefs of the sepoys, leading to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the failed rebellion started Indian nationalism.
Indian Rebellion of 1857: A sepoy mutiny in the East India Company due to the low wages of discrimination to their religion the British put on them.
After the Rebellion, the British exiled the Mughal emperor and established the British Raj where the British ruled India with direct rule until India gained independence in 1947.

Southeast Asian Resistance

By the 1880s, the only independent country in Southeast Asia was Thailand, rest was controlled by the Dutch, Spanish, British, and French.
In Vietnam there was much resistance to the French colonization and even after the French took over, the people were still fueled with resistance motives.
Spanish took control of the Philippines in the 16th century.
Philippine Revolution: a rebellion against brutal Spanish rule in 1896.
Spanish American War: a conflict between the United States and Spain to end Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and ended up with U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.
Treaty of Paris ended the war but just gave colonial control of Philippines to the US.

Resistance in Australia and New Zealand

Aboriginal People: Native Australians who have the oldest continuous culture on Earth.
British colonizers did not see Australian natives as subjects of Britain and killed many of them.
Maori: indigenous people of New Zealand.
Treaty of Waitangi: protected the property rights of the Maori people.
Maori Wars: Military conflict between the Maori and British over rapid settlements.

African Resistance

Pan Africanism: Western-educated Africans who shared nationalism.
Sokoto caliphate established slave trade for economic growth, became largest African Empire since 16th century.
Anglo-Zulu War went in favor of the Zulus but the British defeated them and took over.
Xhosa Cattle Killing: Xhosa natives killed over 400,000 cattle and crops in the hope that the spirits would take away the British settlers.
Samory Toure War: Samory Toure (chief) led a group of warriors to establish a kingdom in Guinea but the French stopped them and eventually sent him into exile in 1898.
Mahdist Revolt: an Islamic revolt against the Egyptian government in the Sudan, British returned in 1896 and defeated the Mahdists in 1898
Yaa Asantewaa War: Queen warrior Yaa Asantewa led a rebellion (part of series of wars) against British control over the Asante Empire (modern day Ghana). British won in 1900 and the Asante Empire became part of the Gold Coast colony.