Membranes/Linings of the heart - Fibrous CT (anchors, protects), Parietal Pericardium, Visceral Pericardium (aka epicardium)

Heart Wall Layers - Epicardium, myocardium (autorrhythmic), endocardium (smooth mm to prevent clots)

Pulmonary Artery- carries deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to the lungs

Pulmonary Vein - carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (left atrium)

Auricles- appendages that increase atrial volume, right’s posterior wall is smooth, anterior is ridged

Pulmonary circuit - Right side of heart

Systematic circuit - Left side of heart

Left side of heart anatomy - higher BP because pushing to more extremities, walls thicker to have stronger contractions

Blood supply of Myocardium - coronary circulation

Coronary vessels deliver blood to the myocardium when - heart relaxed

Extra pre-existing pathways for blood - anastomoses

Extra created pathways for blood - angiogenesis

Sinoatrial node - natural pacemaker for heart w/out extrinsic factors,

Atrioventricular node - special cardiac mm that slows conduction to allow complete atrial atria

Bundle of HIS/AV Bundle- receives and transmits impulses to bundle branches.

Purkinje fibers- transmit impulses to ventricular myocardium

Atria and ventricle is NOT connected by- gap junctions

P wave - depolarization of atria

QRS complex - depolarization of ventricles + depolarization of atria

T wave - depolarization of ventricles

systole - contraction

diastole - relaxation

atrial diastole - blood flows into atria

atrial systole - blood moves PASSIVELY into ventricles

ventricular systole - blood moves ACTIVELY into semilunar valves

Lubb- long slow 1st sound, contraction of ventricles/closing of AV valves

dubb- short sharp 2nd sound, closing of semilunar valves

What Is the slight pause in a heartbeat called? - quiescent period

Cardiac output formula- (stroke volume x heart rate)/1000

Cardiac output- amount of blood going through body in 1 minute

Stroke Volume- amount of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 beat (60-80 ml)

Starling’s law of the heart- the more stretched the heart mm @ start of contraction, the stronger contraction is

untrained exercise effects on heart - CO increases due to HR/SV increasing, SV plateau’s but HR increases

trained exercise effects on heart- athlete’s develop greater SV due to mm efficiency. CO increases and HR decreases

Heart rate responds to input from - aortic arch and carotid sinuses

raises heart rate - anger, anxiety, fear, exercise, hormones, warm blood

lowers heart rate - grief, pain, cold blood

tunica intima- smooth to prevent clotting, innermost

tunica media- smooth mm and elastic CT, changes vessel’s diameter, maintains normal BP, regulated by SNS

tunica externa- fibrous ct w/nerve fibers. lymph vessels, some elastin, holds vessel open/prevents ruptures

elastic (conducting) arteries- thick walled arteries near heart, contain more elastin, expand as blood ejected, pressure smoothing effect

muscular (distributing) arteries- thickest tunica media. more active in vasoconstriction, less stretchy

arterioles- lose tunica externa as they get smaller, mainly tunica media, determine blood flow into capillary beds

anastomosis- pre-existing alternate pathways for blood, not adequate supply

angiogenesis- new alternate pathways for blood

continuous capillaries- least permeable, most common, abundant in skin/mm

fenestrated capillaries- some have pores, found wherever active absorption/filtration occurs (ex. kidney, small intestine)

sinusoids of sinusoidal capillaries- leaky, in liver as macrophages, spleen as phagocytes, destroy/remove pathogens

places with poor capillary supply- tendons, ligaments, cartilage, cornea, lens

simple diffusion- O2 Co2

intercellular clefts/fenestrations- small water soluble solutes (amino acids, sugars)

pinocytotic vesicles/caveole- larger molecules (proteins)

Metabolic controls of blood flow- decreased O2/wastes causes vasodilation, too much blood flow and endothelin’s cause vasoconstriction

myogenic controls of blood flow- vascular mm responds to stretch with increased tone causing vasoconstriction, vice versa

Veins VS Arteries anatomy- veins have thinner walls (deal with lower BP), vein’s have endothelium folded to form one-way valves, smooth mm in veins is thinner

veins physiology- reservoirs, up to 65% of blood supply in veins at any given time

respiratory pump- increased respiration directly related to increased circulation

skeletal muscle pump- milks blood upwards and vales prevent back flow