Regulation: The mechanisms through which behaviors are controlled or influenced, extending beyond law to include norms, markets, and architecture.

Code as Law: The idea that software and hardware code can regulate behavior in cyberspace in a way analogous to how laws regulate behavior in physical space.

Liberty and Regulation: The balance between freedom and the various forms of regulation that can either protect or infringe upon individual liberties.

Transparency and Accountability: The importance of clarity about who is regulating and how, to ensure regulators are accountable for their actions.

Technology as Hardware - Viewing technology strictly as tools and machines.

Technology as Rules - Understanding technology as systems of rules or procedures.

Technology as System - A comprehensive view that includes both the hardware and the human context of use.

Technology as Applied Science - The misconception that technology solely stems from the application of scientific knowledge.

Technological Systems - Complexes that include hardware, knowledge, skills, organizations, and individuals. (This should sound a lot like another type of “system” that I have emphasized in lecture and appears in the Lessig reading).

Technology's Impact: It doesn't inherently make the world better or worse; its usefulness depends on its application.

Tool for Work: Technology is a tool useful for certain types of work.

Designed Communication: Technology communicates how it should be used.

Autonomous Technologies: Some technology can work on its own, but human input is often essential.

ARPANET: The precursor to the modern Internet, developed by DARPA.

Why did DARPA build ARPAnet - intended for government and defense department, internet communication must continue despite loss of networks or gateways, internet must support multiple types of communications service

Packet-switching - A method of data transmission where data is broken into packets and sent through a network.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) - A set of networking protocols that enable different networks to communicate, forming the basis of the Internet.

Network of networks - Concept leading to the creation of the modern Internet, allowing different networks to interconnect.

Commercialization of the Internet: Cerf’s efforts in expanding the Internet beyond military and research use to the general public and commercial sectors.

Sequence number - data packets are labeled with one in order to put them in the correct order

Hypertext: Non-linear text systems allowing links between documents.

Linked Information Systems: Systems where information is interconnected through links.

Nodes and Links: Fundamental elements of hypertext systems, representing information pieces and connections.

Distributed Hypertext System: A decentralized approach to managing and accessing interconnected documents.

Non-Centralization: Design principle allowing systems to grow and interconnect without central control.

OSI Model: A framework to understand how networks function, not a set of rules but a conceptual model for standardizing network communications.

Layers of the OSI Model: Layers are organized from the most tangible and most physical, to less tangible but closer to the end user. Each layer abstracts lower level functionality away until by the time you get to the highest layer.

P-D-N-T-S-P-A - Layers of OSI Model. Physical layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transmission Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer (HTTP, SMTP). 

Traceroute: A tool that shows the route data takes across the internet.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Packets: Used by traceroute to test the path.

Hops: Each jump from one router to another in the data path.

Acronym for Layers of OSI Model - Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

Whitespace - used to make the lists visually clear in code

Four spaces - one tab (usually), python doesn’t care if you manually space or tab

Iteration - How to loop through lists in code, whitespace matters

Mutability - can remove elements, add or change elements in a code

Indexing in Lists: The first item is at index 0.

Lists in Code - can put numbers in lists, can put lists in a list, can have an empty list

Google's original name - backrub

Sir Tim Berners Lee - made the world wide web (www)

PageRank - produces a global ranking of all web pages, regardless of their content, based solely on their location in the web’s graph structure. 

3 tips for coding

Case sensitivity (architectural rule)- codes sometimes won’t work due to caps lock Ex: “Print(“Hello World”)” the P is capital outside of the “string”. 

To quote or not to quote - using quotes when you want to print a variable will print the exact thing in the quote. Ex: print(“hello world”) will print hello world, but if you do “greeting= “Hello World!” and then do print(greeting) - this will print hello world

Code comments (social rule) - need to use a code comment to provide the intention of the following lines of code. 

Wrap - put quotes around in code

Narcissism of Minor Differences - the tendency of people to use minor differences as a rationale for hostility. Harmless, but has a potential to get bigger.

HCC (Human Centered Computing) - a systems view including people and computing

Tools of sociotechnical systems - regulatory factors constrain and enable behaviors

4 factors - legal, social norms, market forces, architecture 

Concatenation - putting one thing after another, not the same as addition

Interactive mode - running individual python commands in an interactive “real time” console

Script mode - writing a series of python commands in a file and executing that file

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Packets: Used by traceroute to test the path.