MAR 352 Exam 2

circulation that affects the surface layer of the ocean. small scale response, but bigger than surface waves. leads to observable wind rows at convergence zones

describes the transport of water perpendicular to direction of wind stress assuming steady state conditions. surface layer pushes next layer down slightly the right, and slightly weaker current. next layer pushes next layer, slightly to right and slightly weaker current, producing a “spiral” of the current vectors, to right in northern hemisphere, decreasing speed with increasing depth

a disturbance traveling through a medium by which energy is transferred from one particle of the medium to another without causing any permanent displacement of the medium itself. a disturbance that travels through space and time, accompanied by a transfer of energy

causes of these include wind, tectonics, tides, and objects moving through water

forces that dissipate waves. for most waves dissipation is caused by gravity or surface tension

waves small enough to be restored by surface tension. important for surface gas exchange

describes the wind field being encountered, measure of the size of waves. controlled by wind speed, duration, and fetch (distance over which the wind blows)

term for the maximum steady state waves under current conditions

the ocean with the largest sea state

this value relates the importance of nonlinear forces to coriolis forces. for surface wave calculations, we assume this is large

waves with periods of 15-30s that often arrive before storms

variable for maximum wave height in a given time period, good for knowing the energy to withstand

variable for significant wave height, measured as the average value of the height of the highest 1/3 of waves in a given time period

the ocean bottom must be greater than this value for a wave to be considered a deep water wave

waves in deep enough water that they do not interact witht he bottom, have circular orbitals

the ocean bottom depth must be less than this value for a wave to be considered a shallow water wave

this feature of a wave changes as it approaches shore, its bottom orbitals slow and water piles up

the separation of wave groups due to wave speeds

the energy transferred by wave motion is this type

the energy resulting from the elevation of water in a wave is this type

the small net forward motion of particles in a wave

this is a function of wave depth, wavelength, and gravity

when x is very small, tanh(x) is approximately equal to what?

this interference occurs when waves are in phase with each other

dangerous waves that occur under a lot of constructive interference

reflection, refraction, and diffraction can all change this feature of a wave's motion

waves bounce off of a structure. the size of the angle of waves coming in relative to the boundary is the same as after they have hit it

when a wave crest turns/bends because one part is moving faster than another. usually due to differences in shoreline shape, uneven bottom topography, or offshore land features

occurs when a wave travels through an opening in a boundary, redistributes wave crests from a straight line (parallel) to radiating outward (radial) from the opening. can lead to interference if it happens in multiple nearby locations

used for quantifying wave refraction

also called a standing wave, occurs in partially enclosed bodies of water when the system is driven at, or near, its natural frequency. wave oscillates vertically around a fixed position, no translational movement

position along a seiche wave with no vertical movement

feature of a seiche wave also called resonance frequency, driven by the size of the water body

when waves interact with currents, this remains constant

when waves interact with currents and this increases, wavelength increases and height decreases

these are shallow water waves with the longest wavelengths of any waves in the ocean. an energy source for vertical mixing in the deep ocean and an important stirring mechanism in coastal oceans

between tides and wind-generated waves, which has larger heights, longer period and wavelengths, and is more predictable?

the difference in height between consecutive tidal cycles (low to high or high to low)

period where tidal range is maximized. occurs when the sun and moon are at the same or opposite angles from each other, adding tidal bulges

what does MHW stand for?

what does MTL stand for?

what does TPF stand for?

gravitational attraction and conservation of angular momentum constitute these

this feature of the moon describes the angle between equatorial plane and plane of moon’s orbit, leads to tidal variation

this local feature of an area can play a role in tidal variation

these add up to create the tide at a given place. the different responses and strengths of each vary with location and make the total tide different

occurs when tidal range ~ water depth, common in estuaries. higher tides move with faster speeds, bending predictions

geostrophic currents move in a direction ____ to forces such as pressure gradients

a semi-enclosed body of water that has a free connection with the open sea. the seawater here is measurably diluted with freshwater deriving from land drainage. very biologically productive and areas of large anthropogenic disruption

coastal plain, bar built, tectonic, and fjord are the four types of estuaries based on this

also called drowned river valleys, have low-lying coasts with drowned river systems caused by rising of sea level. examples: chesapeake bay, delaware bay

estuaries in shallow coastal regions separated from open ocean by bars at the mouth. examples: great south bay, pamlico sound

estuaries caused by sea filling in a “hole” or basin formed by sinking land caused by tectonic forcing. examples: san francisco bay, gulf of california

estuaries cut by glaciers, narrow and steep-sided. has sill from glacial deposits near mouth. examples: coasts of chile, alaska, norway, western US

two-layered flow in which seaward-moving, low-salinity water is at the surface and landward-moving, high-salinity water is subsurface. KNOW: the mixing between layers depends on magnitude of river flow and tidally-induced mixing

based on this property, estuaries can be highly stratified, partially stratified, or well-mixed. determined by bottom and coastal topography, ratio of tidal energy to river flow

in this estuary type, there is a low tidal to river flow ratio. horizontal isohalos, weak vertical mixing

in this highly stratified estuary type, there is large freshwater influx and a strong halocline

in this highly stratified estuary type, there is fresh river water moving seaward as glacial sill blocks returning deep-water flow. little vertical mixing, deeper water below sill level stagnates

in estuaries of this type, there are tilted isohalos, a weaker halocline than salt wedge. coastal plain estuaries tend to be this type

in estuaries of this type, there is high tidal to river flow ratio and vertical isohalos

these estuaries can occur where there is high evaporation with little river input. have saline outflow. examples: mediterranean sea, red sea

facing the sea in a broad estuary of the northern hemisphere subject to coriolis force, which side of the estuary will the outflow tend to hug?

in these seas, bottom topography plays a key role in oceanographic characteristics. deep basins can have typical oceanographic processes

a semienclosed sea where freshwater input exceeds evaporation, such as the arctic ocean or black sea

a semienclosed sea where evaporation exceeds freshwater input, such as the mediterranean sea

wave ___ include wavelegth, period, frequency, angular frequency, and speed

the speed of this varies depending on the medium and is affected by density, temperature, pressure, and several other factors

speed of sound in water

speed of sound in air

these waves are the basis of all acoustic signals

allow any periodic signal to be approximated by summing sine waves of different wavelengths/frequencies/phases. signals are combinations of different frequencies

these sounds have large bandwidths and short durations

a plot of energy/frequency

in general, these can be plotted as amplitude over time or pressure over time

this type of acoustic signal is continuous (think record, wax cylinder). beneficial in that they record the "true" signal, not a sub-sample, and contain all of the original signal's information

this type of acoustic signal is discrete (think mp3s). beneficial in that exact copies can be produced and they are easier to transport/distribute

the process where a continuous (analog) signal is converted to a discrete (digital) signal. two key parameters: rate and quantization

the separation (in time) of where the signal is sampled. a higher rate will better recreate the signal, but requires more data storage

sampling rate / 2. the highest frequency that is “stored” in the digital signal without aliasing (mistakes). you must sample your signal at a rate twice that of the highest frequency component you are interested in

how accurately you measure the amplitude of the original signal when you sample it. more bits more accurately recreate the signal, but more bits requires more data storage space

how many bits are in one byte?

the percent of the time that an instrument is actually recording, continuous recording often not feasible. depends on recording system capabilities such as storage and battery life, and should also consider patterns of organism activity, length of sounds produced

the product of the medium's density and sound speed. a way of describing how “difficult” it is to create a pressure wave in the medium

these are similar between species but not well known for most animals. driven by what wavelengths propagate well in the environmental medium and general size similarity in hearing mechanisms (small bones in ear)

sounds and hearing operate on this scale. allows you to examine differences occurring at different scales

one of these equates to a doubling in sound frequency

a logarithmic unit to express the ratio of two quantities. often used for power or intensity, always need to provide a reference level when reporting

reference value (in microPascals) for sound measurements in water

spreading or absorbing a sound leads to loss of this. sound gets less intense farther from its source

speed of sound in water increases with increasing water temperature, increasing salinity, and increasing depth

describes exponential decay of light intensity with depth

ocean water transmits this poorly. transmission is best in blue-green

energy per area per time, proportional to amplitude^2

a deciBel version of intensity

higher-amplitude sound waves carry ___ energy

this equation tells how loud an acoustic signal will be at a given distance

also called SOFAR channel, can be used to transmit low-frequency sound around the earth

a disruption of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical pacific having important consequences for weather around the globe, with a period of roughly 3-4 years. occurs when usual winds diminish or switch direction, warm water leaks back eastwards, and upwelling stops. sea surface becomes nearly level and thermocline becomes nearly level or depressed in the east

began piecing together widespread el nino effects in his effort to understand and predict monsoons in india and avoid famines. claimed that southern oscillation was connected to various meteorological events throughout the globe, but did not prove it