SL Biology - Topic 2: Molecular Biology (copy)

all chemical reactions that take place within cells and organisms

the building of large molecules from smaller molecules

the breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones

a weak negatively charged region on the oxygen atom and a weak positively charged region on the hydrogen atom

allows chemical reactions to occur and a transport medium

allows water to be a suitable habitat and maintain optimal temperatures within cells and bodies

an effective coolant as large amounts of energy must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds.

monosaccharides joined together via a condensation reaction, releasing a molecule of water.

the storage polysaccharide of plants

the storage polysaccharide of animals and fungi

a polymer of beta-glucose monomers

a form of lipid made up of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tails are all single bonds

the bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail are not all single bonds

at a double carbon bond, the attached hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the hydrocarbon chain.

at a double carbon bond, the attached hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the hydrocarbon chain

polymers and macromolecules made of amino acids

the monomers of polypeptides

proteins composed of long and narrow strands with a structural role

proteins with a more compact and rounded shape with a functional role

a short, globular protein produced and secreted in the pancreas binding to insulin receptors causing the absorption of glucose from the blood.

the most abundant fibrous protein in the human body made of 3 polypeptide chains

the full range of proteins that a cell organism is able to produce

biological catalysts that are able to speed up the rate of chemical creations without being used up.

an enzyme that is attached to an insoluble material to prevent mixing with a product

polymers of nucleotides

formed from a pentose sugar, a nitrogen containing organic base and a phosphate group

an enzyme used in DNA replication which unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

links nucleotides together to form a new strand using the pre-existing one as a template

bonds to adenine with 2 hydrogen bonds

bonds to guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds

when DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced

when mRNA is translated and an amino acid sequence is produced

the strand of the DNA molecule that carries the genetic code during transcription

the DNA strand that is transcribed to form the mRNA molecule

three bases on mRNA that correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide

a source of energy from cellular processes

requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP (36) from glucose

glucose is only partially oxidized meaning only a small part of it’s chemical energy is released and transfers ATP (2)

simple, inorganic compounds are converted into complex organic ones

primary pigments which absorb wavelengths in the blue-violet and red regions of the light spectrum

accessory pigments which absorb wavelengths of mainly the blue-violet region of the spectrum