medication administration

Provides the exact description of the med’s composition

The manufacturer who first develops the drug assigns the name,and is then listed in the US pharmacopeia

Aka the brand name or proprietary name. This is the name under which a manufacturer markets the med

The time is takes for a med to produce a response

The time at which a med reaches its highest effective concentration

the time that it takes for a med to produce its greatest effect

This occurs between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration.

• The patient must receive regular fixed doses

Aka the lowest therapeutic range; minimum blood serum concentration before the next scheduled dose

This is the time for serum medication concentration to be halved

• Meds with a short half life needs to be given more frequently than a med with a longer half life

• the half life does not change no matter how much medication is given

The Point at which blood serum concentration is reached and maintained

Medication whose early or delayed administration of maintenance doses more than 30 mins before or after the scheduled dose most likely will cause harm or will result in sub-therapeutic responses

unintended, often predictable, physiological effects of the med to which patients usually adapt

Aka therapeutic effects of meds that are predicted, intended, and desired

• basically why the med was prescribed

relieve the S/S of a disease but have no effect on the disease itself

These support the integrity of body functions until other meds or treatments can become effective

These effects replace either body fluids or a chemical required by the body for improved functioning

These effects are unintended or non-therapeutic

• any med can produce these kinds of effects

• They can be harmless or cause injury which can sometimes be predicted

The increased response to repeated doses of a drug that occurs when the rate of administration is greater than the rate of metabolism and excretion.

• This happens when the body cannot metabolize a dose of the med before the next dose is given

• Excretion is slowed by absorption is normal or rapid

• Absorption is slowed

These reactions are harmful, unintended, usually unpredicted reactions to a drug administered at the normal dosage

• more severe than side effects and often require discontinuation of the drug

• dose related: result from the known pharmacological effect of the med

An unexpected, abnormal, or peculiar response to a med

• measure VS

• assess whether the patient’s general condition is appropriate for the med

• evaluate your knowledge of the med

• identify biological factors that affect drug metabolism

• mental status

• coordination

• ability to self-administer the drug

• swallowing

• evaluate the effectiveness of the drug

• side effects

• signs of adverse reactions or toxicity

No

• you can delegate for others to look out for allergic reactions

• right patient

• right med

• right dose

• right route

• right reason

• right response

• right time

• right documentation

This route medication that is injected in the body anywhere other than the mouth or alimentary canal: the passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus

• generally the most reliable, direct, and rapidly absorbed way or administering meds

  • intradermal - ID

  • subcutaneous - SubQ

  • intramuscular - IM

  • intraarterial - IA

  • intracardiac - IC

  • intravenous - IV

  • intrathecal - IT

  • epidural

  • intraperitoneal

    • These sites are all faster than oral, but they can have complications like the risk of infection, tissue damage, pain, and anxiety.

Involves the administration of oral meds, topical meds, and suppositories

• sublingual

• topical

• transdermal

• ophthalmic

• otic

• nasal

• rectal

• vaginal

• mucosal

• percutaneous

Pressurized container prefilled with several doses of a drug and an eco-friendly substance called hydrofluoroalkane to propel the med forward

• the pt. inhales while pushing the canister’s pump

• Lift your head back slightly and inhale slowly and deeply through the mouth for 3-5 seconds while depressing the canister fully

• Hold your breath for 10 seconds

• instruct them to wait 20-30 secs between inhales of the same med & 2-5 mins of different meds

• 2 minutes after last dose, rinse your mouth with warm water and spit it out

IV, IM, SubQ, and oral

Refers to the metabolism of a drug when it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and delivered to the liver before reaching systemic circulation. This process can significantly alter the drug's concentration and effectiveness in the body.

• tissue: skeletal muscle

• max volume: 1 mL for deltoid. 3-5 mL in vastus lateralis and ventrogluetal

• angle: Spread the skin and inject at a 90-degree angle, unless the patient has a smaller muscle mass, You may pinch up before the injection

• needle gauge: 21-25 gauge

• needle length: 1 - 1 1/2 inch. 1 inch is for the deltoid site, but you may use 3 inches for a larger person

• Aspiration is not required!

Massage the site!

• This injection site is only for small amounts: 1 mL or when other sites are inaccessible

• Avoid usage in infants

• location: acromion process; axilla

• examples: flu shots and other vaccines

greater trochanter of the femur, anterior superior iliac spine, iliac crest

• the preferred IM site for adults and young children

• located away from any major blood vessels and nerves

greater trochanter of the femur, lateral femoral condyle

• the preferred site for infants

• can accommodate a larger volume of med than the deltoid

• for children and smaller adults: you can pinch the body of muscles tissue and the needle does not penetrate to underlying bone

• back of arms, anterior thighs, and the abdomen: below costal margins to iliac crests at least 2 inches away from the umbilicus

• tissue: adipose (fat) tissue above the muscle layer

• max volume: no more than 1 mL!

• angle: pinch up the skin and inject a 45-degree angle for a thinner person, and spread the skin and inject at a 90-degree angle for a larger person

• needle gauge: 25-27 gauge

• needle length: 3/16th - 1 inch

Inner forearm (used for TB); in between scapulae (used for allergy testing

tissue: dermis - just under the top layer of the skin

max volume: 0.1 mL used for TB skin test injections

angle: Inject just below the skin at 5-15 degrees with bevel up - you should see a wheal form

needle gauge: 25-28 gauge. Use a special TB syringe with a pre-attached needle

needle length: 5/8th of an inch

• Administered intradermally

• Read after 48-72 hours

• Positive result: induration ≥ 5 mm

  • Someone who had recent contact with someone with active TB

• Positive for high-risk individuals: induration ≥ 10 mm

  • people with medical conditions that increased the risk of progressing from latent TB to active TV. HC providers too

• Positive for low-risk individuals: induration ≥ 15 mm

• Negative result: induration < 5 mm

We avoid this site because of its proximity to the sciatic nerve and superior gluteal artery increases the risk of infection into major blood vessel and damage to the sciatic nerve.