A&P: Chapter 16 - Blood

Pale yellow fluid.

• 91% water

• 7% protein

• 2% ions, nutrients, gases, wastes

• 58% albumin (primarily for osmotic balance)

• 38% globulins

• 4% fibrinogens

Plasma without clotting factors.

• Immune system

• Transport proteins

• Clotting factors

Fibrinogen can be converted to ______ which is a clot forming protein.

Cells and cell fragments.

1. Red Blood Cells

2. Neutrophil

3. Basophil

4. Eosinophil

5. Lymphocyte

6. Monocyte

7. Platelet

(WBC) Cells have large granules/grains.

Ex.) Neutrophil, Basophil, and Eosinophil

(WBC) Cells’ granules are hard to see.

Ex.) Lymphocyte, Monocyte

Platelets are the only _________________.

(Leukocytes) Have a nucleus, protect the body against invading microorganisms, and remove dead cells and debris from tissues. “Eats” or phagocytizes.

White blood cells can move via ______________.

Most common WBC, normally only stay in blood for 10-12 hours, moves into other tissue and phagocytizes microorganisms, secretes chemicals which promote inflammation, secretes lysosomes which can destroy bacteria.

Dead neutrophils, cell debris, and fluid.

Least common WBC, release histamines, releases heparin.

Promote inflammation and are involved allergic responses.

Prevents blood clots.

Release chemicals which kill large parasites, release chemicals which promote inflammation, and many allergic responses involve too many of these.

Largest WBC, will leave blood and enter tissue (become macrophages), phagocytize anything dead or foreign to body.

(Thrombocytes) Help clot blood at wounds and are basically cell fragments.

Smallest WBC, will leave blood and enter lymphatic tissue, involved in making antibodies, and involved in protection against viruses and bacteria.

• B cells

• T cells

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets do not _______.

All blood cells are produced through _______________, this is primarily in red bone marrow. some WBCs are produced in lymphatic tissue.

Some ______ are produced in lymphatic tissue.

Special stem cells, produce different blood cells.

The same stem cells make different blood cells via differences in ____________.

(Erythrocytes) Account for 95% of blood’s volume, primary purpose is to transport oxygen around the body, has a biconcave structure, has no nucleus, live for approximately 110-120 days.

Allows for more surface area and therefore better gas diffusion, and allows for bending & folding so cells can “wiggle” through capillaries.

RBC’s protein for carrying oxygen, has 4 protein chains called globins, has 4 red-pigment iron-containing hemes, most of a person’s iron is used to make it.

Each heme can attract one ________________ when exposed.

It takes about __ days to produce a RBC.

Process of making RBCs.

First stage of Hemocytoblasts, these will eventually form RBCs after more cell division. Each division slightly alters the cell until it is a RBC.

Last stage before becoming an RBC. These cells just lost their nucleus and will enter the bloodstream to finish maturing.

Not enough iron, vitamin B12, or _______ in your diet will decrease RBC production.

When blood oxygen levels are low, the kidneys release a hormone called ____________, which stimulates red bone marrow to perform more erythropoiesis.

The ______ also produces a small amount of erythropoietin.

Old, damaged, and abnormal RBCs are destroyed and their parts are __________. In the spleen and liver, macrophages phagocytize them and some heme groups are converted to bile pigments (& become part of bile).

About __________ RBCs are destroyed each second.

Main bile pigment, yellow pigment.

1. Vascular Spasm

2. Formation of Platelet Plug

3. Blood Clotting

In ______ wounds, sometimes only vascular spasm and platelet plugs are enough.

In ______ wounds, normally (all three) vascular spasm, platelet plugs, and blood clotting are required to stop blood flow.

A temporary but immediate constriction of a blood vessel (blood vessels have smooth muscles to allow for this constriction). Small vessels are often completely closed.

1. Reflex response to blood vessel damage.

2. Chemicals

An accumulation of platelets to seal up a break in a blood vessel, this actually happens in normal individuals multiple times a day.

1. Tear/Break Occurs

2. Platelet Adhesion

3. von Willebrand factor activates platelets.

4. Platelet Release Reaction

5. ADP & thromboxanes connect and activate more platelets.

6. Platelet Aggregation

Exposed collagen fibers are connected to platelets via von Willebrand factor.

Platelets release ADP and thromboxanes.

Fibrinogen (a blood protein) connects multiple platelets.

(Coagulation) Produces a blood clot, messy network of fibrin trapping blood cells, platelets, and fluid. Necessary for large cuts/tears, clotting factors are required.

Fiber-like protein.

Require vitamin K and Ca+2, diet can negatively affect blood clotting, antibodies also negatively affect blood clotting, must be activated, there are two merging pathways to activate and eventually clot blood.

Proteins which prevent blood from clotting. A normal level in the blood prevents unwanted blood clotting.

Process of slowly condensing (making smaller) a blood clot.

Platelets contain ________ & ________ which contract to tighten clots.

Wounds should heal via ___________ making fibers and cell division of epithelial cells.

Dissolving of blood clots.

Plasminogen, normally inactive, is activated by clotting factors and converted to ________, a protein which breaks down fibrin.

Sometimes blood clots form accidently, such as from heart attack.

Can cause heart attacks, strokes, or clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolism).

A transfer of blood from one individual to another.

Blood cell clumping, rupture, and clotting.

The surface of RBCs contain ________.

In _______ are antibodies.

Antibodies and antigens can bind to each other, but they are very ________.

RBCs clump together (when antibodies and antigens combine).

RBCs can be stimulated to rupture/break open (when antibodies and antigens combine).

Scientists have categorized various RBC antigens into _______________.

1. ABO blood group

2. Rh blood group

Antigen A, Anti-B Antibody

Cannot have B or AB blood, can have A or O blood.

Antigen B, Anti-A Antibody

Cannot have A or AB blood, can have B or O blood.

Antigen A + B, Neither Antibodies

Can have any blood type, universal recipient.

Neither Antigen, Both Antibodies

Can only receive O blood, universal donor.

Rh blood group was named after first being studied in _____________.

A person has the Rh antigen. Can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood.

A person does not have the Rh antigen. Can only receive Rh- blood.

A person who is Rh will develop _______________ when exposed to Rh antigen.

(of the Newborn) During first pregnancy if baby is Rh+ the first baby will develop anti-Rh antibodies. During second pregnancy if the baby is Rh+ the mom’s antibodies will cause agglutination and hemolysis in second baby’s blood.

Tests for avoiding transfusion reactions.

Determines a person’s ABO blood group and Rh blood group.

Tests a person’s plasma for unexpected antibodies.

A test transfusion in a test tube checks for agglutination.

Blood analysis of various blood cell amount.

1. RBC count

2. Hemoglobin Measurement

3. Hematocrit Measurement

4. White Blood Cell Count

5. Differential WBC Count

Determines % of blood volume that is RBC.

Determines % of each of the 5 kinds of WBCs.

Testing the blood’s ability to clot. Measures how long it takes blood to start clotting.

1. Platelet Count

2. Prothrombin Time

Testing amounts of non-cell components.

(Blood Disorder) too many RBCs, thicker blood, reduced blood flow, can clog capillaries (small blood vessels).

Caused By: genetics (polycythemia vera) & low oxygen supply.

(Blood Disorder) not enough hemoglobin in blood, can be not enough RBCs or just not enough hemoglobin protein.

Caused By: Iron, folate, or B12 deficiencies in diet, damage to bone marrow stem cells, destruction or loss of RBCs, sickle cell disease.

(Blood Disorder) Cancer with abnormal production of one or more WBCs, very susceptible to infections.

(Blood Disorder) Common disorder (1/1000 individuals), platelet plugs can’t form because there is no von Willebrand factor.

(Blood Disorder) Abnormal or lack of blood clotting, normally one or more clotting factors are not produced by the body.

Caused By: Genetics and the most recognized is sex-linked and is much more common in males.