Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

________ may be one mechanism through which stress potentially leads to depression.

________: those that reflect noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives.

________ and related disorders: a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature.

________: when a natural internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform its normal function, and leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others, as judged by the standards of the individuals culture.

________ argued that natural internal mechanisms (psychological processes honed by evolution) have important functions, such as enabling us to experience the world the way others do and to engage in rational thought, problem solving, and communication.

________: a tendency to remain calm in threatening situations, high self- assurance, a sense of dominance, and a tendency toward thrill- seeking.

________ is linked to abnormal activity in several regions of the brain including those important in assessing the emotional significance of stimuli and experiencing emotions (amygdala) and in regulating and controlling emotions.

________ from social relationships, feeling as though one is a burden to others, and engaging in reckless and risk- taking behaviors may be precursors to suicidal behavior.

________: the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting ones self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem- solving manner.

A(n) ________ that is believed to play a critical role in OCD is the orbitofrontal cortex, an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision- making.

According to the ________ (2013), a psychological disorder is a condition that is said to consist of the following:

The child with ________ might exhibit deficits in social interaction by living in a personal and isolated social world others are simply not privy to or able to penetrate.

________ are especially likely to trigger depression if these happenings occur in a way that humiliates or devalues the individual.

________ is considered episodic: its symptoms are typically present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually abate.

People with ________ can not tolerate the thought of being alone and will make frantic efforts to avoid abandonment or separation and their relationships are intense and unstable.

________: the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, their causes, and treatment.

________: thought to be an inherited trait and is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations.

________: a propensity toward impulse control problems, lack of planning and forethought, insistence on immediate gratification, and inability to restrain behavior.

________ can help individuals cope during difficult times by allowing them to discuss feelings and experiences and providing a sense of being loved and appreciated.

________ theorized that depression- prone people possess depressive schemas, or mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way.

________: integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder.

Meanness: ________ seeking without regard for others; signaled by a lack of empathy, disdain for and lack of close relationships with others, and a tendency to accomplish goals through cruelty.

A diagnosis of hoarding disorder is made only if the hoarding is not caused by another ________ and if the hoarding is not a symptom of another disorder.

Cognitive, emotional, physiological, and ________ accompanying or related to the event are conditioned stimuli.

________: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding.

________: characterized by excessive movement.

________: the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to ones body.

________ and related disorders: a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

________ learning models suggest that some symptoms are developed and maintained through classical conditioning.

Disorganized or ________ behavior: unusual behaviors and movements.

________: when an individual is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in their physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people.

________ proposed that phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways: classical conditioning, vicarious learning (ie modeling), and verbal transmission of information.

The DSM- 5 provides information about comorbidity: the ________ of two disorders.

The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or ________.

Although the ________ is used for clinical purposes, this tool is also used to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally.

The ________- 5 specifies that the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder are not caused or explained by intellectual disability.

People with ________ often have imbalances in certain neurotransmitters, particularly norepinephrine and serotonin.

________ play a significant role in the development of ADHD.

Thought ________: the belief that thoughts have been placed inside ones head.

________: a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.

________: when an individual exhibits two or more separate personalities or identities, each well- defined and distinct from one another.

________ involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event.

________: mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes.

The preoccupation with imagined physical flaws drives the person to engage in repetitive and ________ and mental acts.

________: appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms.

________: a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression.

________ may have a causal effect on depression, as well as on its brain function abnormalities.

Attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder (________): child shows a constant pattern of inattention and /or hyperactive and impulsive behavior that interferes with normal functioning.

The ________ may act as an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response characterized by extreme fear and anxiety.

________: individual shows no regard at all for other peoples rights or feelings.

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

the study of psychological disorders, including their symptoms, their causes, and treatment

when a natural internal mechanism breaks down and can no longer perform its normal function, and leads to negative consequences for the individual or for others, as judged by the standards of the individuals culture

appropriately identifying and labeling a set of defined symptoms

the co-occurrence of two disorders

attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding

views psychological disorders as linked to biological phenomena

emphasizes the importance of learning, stress, faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and environmental factors

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

causes an individual to experience excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

Rachman proposed that phobias can be acquired through three major learning pathways

characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which the person could potentially be evaluated negatively by others

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

thought to be an inherited trait and is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations

when an individual experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of persistent concern about additional panic attacks, worry over the consequences of the attacks, or self-defeating changes in behavior related to the attacks

a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes

located in the brainstem; the brains major source of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter that triggers the bodys fight-or-flight response

a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension

restlessness, difficulty concentrating, being easily fatigued, muscle tension, irritability, and sleep difficulties

a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors

when an individual experiences thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions)

characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing

repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event

when an individual is preoccupied with a perceived flaw in their physical appearance that is either nonexistent or barely noticeable to other people

when an individual cannot bear to part with personal possessions, regardless of how valueless or useless these possessions are

consists of several interconnected regions that influence the perceived emotional value of stimuli and the selection of both behavioral and cognitive responses

trauma experience, greater trauma severity, lack of immediate social support, and more subsequent life stress

disturbances in memory for the event, and negative appraisals of the trauma and its aftermath

characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions

a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature

a heterogeneous mood state that consists of a broad spectrum of symptoms that range in severity; intense an persistent sadness

a group of disorders in which mania is the defining feature

a state of extreme elation and agitation

thoughts of death, thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt

its symptoms are typically present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually abate

a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year

women who experience major depression during pregnancy or in the four weeks following the birth of their child

individuals experience depressed moods most of the day nearly every day for at least two years, as well as at least two of the other symptoms of major depressive disorder

the persons mood is said to alternate from one emotional extreme to the other

instances in which an important person departs; often occurs prior to an episode

view that depression is triggered by negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations

a particular style of negative thinking leads to a sense of hopelessness, which then leads to depression

the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather that distracting ones self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner

death caused by self-directed injuries with the intent to die as the result of the behavior

a psychological/psychotic disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior that prevent them from functioning normally in life

a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation

hearing voices; the most common form of hallucination

seeing things that are not there

smelling odors that are not actually present