IST195 Final Exam

is e-commerce or e-business bigger?

e-commerce is a part of e-business

venture capital

companies that raise money from a variety of investors and then invest a large sum of money in a project in its late stage. investors are looking to grow that business. plays a vital role in a startup's growth.

angel investors

people with excess money that want to takes a risk. ex: shark tank

types of funding

bootstrap, friends and family, loan, crowdfunding, angel investors, venture capital

bootstrap funding

you pay out of your own pocket

crowdfunding

kickstarter, gofundme, etc

e-business

any process that a business organization conducts over a computer-mediated network

e-commerce

buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. a part of e-business

IaaS

infrastructure as a service. renting a computer on the cloud, needs additional operating power. cloud hosting; having multiple servers to run your business

SaaS

software as a service. uses software from the cloud. user has less control over it

EC2

IaaS for computing power

S3

amazon web services. IaaS but specifically for storage

product manager

works on roadmap and features that will provide the most value to customers. creates a vision of where the product is going (product development)

project manager

works directly with the customer, manages relationships and expectations with clients. creates timeline for sprints

agile software development life cycle (SDLC)

instead of betting everything on a "big bang" launch, an agile team delivers their work in small, but consumable, increments. work in sprints, allowing the team to learn through experiences.

central processing unit (CPU)

the brain of any computing device aka the semiconductor. processes all the information. how fast a computer is dependent on how many CPUs there are.

IPv4

the original internet protocol (IP) schematic when the internet was first created

a legitimate IPv4 address is made up of

4 sets of numbers, each between 0 and 255. ex: 128.5.12.89

IPv6

the solution for when the internet ran out of numbers for IPv4

careers that exist within IT jobs

technical, operational, managerial

technical jobs

web/software developer, systems admin, network architect, information security, data scientist, database admin

operational jobs

help desk, computer support specialist, user experience/graphic design, tech sales/account management, quality assurance

managerial jobs

IT manager, applications project manager, product manager, systems/support manager, CIO/CTO director

the great resignation

the trend of employees voluntarily leaving their jobs, from spring 2021 to the present, primarily in the US. people want to work from home more and were chasing higher paying jobs because the market was hot. has changed the IT industry globally.

quiet quitting

people are only doing the bare minimum in their jobs instead of going above and beyond what is expected of them

4 soft skills to be successful

1. self awareness 2. listen and communicate 3. work with different types of people 4. empathy: infer what others are thinking and feeling

NFT

non-fungible token. a unique digital collectible that has value to it. uses blockchain to act as a non-duplicable digital certificate of ownership

blockchain

a decentralized network of computers

smart contracts

establishes the terms of an agreement that are executed as code running on a blockchain. follows simple "if/when... then..." statements

benefits of smart contracts

1. speed, efficiency, accuracy 2. trust and transparency 3. security 4. cuts out intermediaries

characteristics of blockchain

secure, open source, decentralized

1000 bytes

1 kilobyte

1000 kilobytes/1 million bytes

1 megabyte

1000 megabytes/1 billion bytes

1 terabyte

1000 terabytes/1 trillion bytes

1 petabyte

8 bits

1 byte

a bit is either

1 or 0

what is an operating system?

provides user interface, manages resources, runs applications, file management

types of operating systems

1. embedded; ex: smartwatches, traffic lights, elevators, iOT 2. standalone; ex: desktop operating systems (macOS, Windows) 3. mobile operating systems; ex: iOS 16, Android 12

founder of Windows/Microsoft

Bill Gates

founder of MacOS/Apple

Steve Jobs

founder of Unix

Ken Thompson

founder of Linux

Linus Torvalds

open source OS

Linux

cryptography

based on math. uses keys to encrypt messages

steganography

hides a message within a message. no encryption, just hiding. need to know what to look for in order to find the message

types of cryptography

symmetric and asymmetric

symmetric encryption

uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt

asymmetric encryption

uses two keys (public and private)

asymmetric decryption: jeff wants to send bob an encrypted message, so he uses _____ to encrypt and bob uses _____ to decrypt

bob's public key; bob's private key

RAM

random access memory chip that holds programs and data that the computer is presently processing. very volatile

what is the fastest memory source?

cache level 1 and level 2

USB

universal serial bus. can connect up to 127 additional devices together with a single connector

USB-C

new standard that uses USB 3.1; reversible. Apple was forced by the EU to change to this standard

USB 3.0 speed

5 gigabytes/second

USB 3.1 speed

10 gigabytes/second

CHIPS and Science Act of 2022

biden passed a law that will invest money into the domestic manufacturing of semiconductors in the US. presently, the largest manufacturer of semiconductors is Taiwan

Micron

Micron will open a semiconductor factory in Syracuse, bringing in high paying jobs and more jobs overall in CNY

CCPA

residents of CA have the right to see what info is collected on them and ask for it to be deleted. the right to not have your data shared. structured after the GDPR

ADPPA

currently in Congress. covers all americans so that our data is protected and private

GDPR

privacy law within the EU. the best privacy protection for consumers that exists globally

div

a box element that changes the style of a set of character or region. controls the margin and padding. not good for changing the style of a set of characters because it is a block (not inline), so it offsets everything in the next line

span

inline element that changes the style of a set of characters

every packet contains

source IP address, destination IP address, acknowledgement (TCP), sequence number, data within the packet

caesar shift

skip the key number of letters forward

numbers as a key

uses a complex number as the key. for each letter, skip the first number forward. then repeat for each number in the key per letter.

words as a key

put the word at the beginning of the alphabet and eliminate the word's letters in the alphabet. don't repeat letters--should be 26 letters total

converting to binary code

256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 ignore leading zeros pay attention to capital letters vs lowercase letters

app tracking transparency

apple's privacy update now requires apps to ask users if they can track you across apps and websites owned by other companies. 3rd party cookies track you and deliver targeted ads across multiple platforms

facebook algorithm

a program/code that determines what shows up in our news feed

facebook inventory

how much content: how many friends you have, how many times they've posted since you last logged in

facebook signals

considerations of content: how many interactions there are within a post. shows what is more popular

active signals

commenting, sharing, reacting

passive signals

clicking, watching, viewing/hovering; aka usual content consumption

demotion signals

false news (AI and 4rd party fact checkers), click gap (disproportionate amount of links from FB vs the organic web), clickbait, engagement bait, sensationalized health content

facebook predictions

based on signals; how likely you are to interact with a certain post

misinformation

happens accidentally

disinformation

deliberate intention to deceive

operator precedence

parentheses, negation, percent, exponents, multiply, divide, add, subtract, compare

functions

built into excel: sum, count, average, if

formula

evaluated by PEMDAS

conditional formatting

sets rules for cell formatting

Vlookup

vertical look up; retrieves info from an excel database based on a supplied instance of a unique identifier

delimited files

separates values in each row with a specific character ex: separate each student's grades with a comma

pivot tables

enables someone to quickly, accurately, and easily summarize and analyze large amounts of data

first party data

data directly collected from a consumer

second party data

data exchanged between two companies

third party data

data bought from third parties

data brokers

enriches data from other companies

3rd party cookies

track users from site to site and deliver targeted ads to these users

structured data

highly organized and manageable

unstructured data

structure that is not formally defined, like PDFs

semi-structured data

hybrid of structured and unstructured, like emails

geospatial data

includes information on positions

Vs of big data

volume (scale), variety (diff. forms), velocity (analysis of streaming data), veracity (uncertainty)

questions to ask about big data

what data do we have? how can we use it? what other data should we have? how can we drive value from data?

descriptive analytics

what happened and why

predictive analytics

what is likely to happen and why

discovery analytics

find something important without asking the question

prescriptive analytics

culmination of all 3 that shows what the best solution is

dashboards

a tool many businesses use to track, analyze, and display data

data warehouse

internet based storage; taking islands of data and transforming, merging, and purging it to become uniform to then produce reports and dashboards

1984

apple introduces the macintosh in a commerical that debuted "super bowl sunday;" credited with current era of super bowl advertising, where people watch the ads as much as they watch the game

operating systems

the operating system is the primary software that manages all the hardware and other software on a computer

open source software

published and made available to the public for anybody to use for free

benefits of open source

social: collaboration, creates communities, uses a community to make a product better, creativity; freedom (developers can decide direction); transparency; security

make money with open source

be a developer, consult, support, subscription, extra features/functionality, paid certification, advertising

Linux

-most successful open source project -Androids, DVRs, TVs, game consoles, routers, etc. are built on Linux -Ubuntu: most popular Linux version. main goal = security; makes money off of support

UNIX

OS developed by Ken Thompson in the late 1960s for servers. a multiuser, multitasking OS that is more expensive, requires a high level of technical knowledge, and is harder to install, maintain, and upgrade

Steve Ballmer, Microsoft CEO (April 2007)

"the iPhone has no chance" Ballmer was wrong, and now Microsoft is the one who failed to break into the smartphone market

4 main computing functions

accept input, process input, produce output, storage

input to output data

becomes information

motherboard

the main circuit board on a computer; all communication is wired through the motherboard and all components are connected

memory cache

improves processing by acting as a temporary high speed holding area between the memory and the CPU

ASCII

7 bit (128) values; covers 0-9, A-Z, a-z, and punctuation in the English language

Unicode

universal character set, more than 100k characters, includes ASCII + other languages + emojis

RFID

radio frequency identification that transmits the identity of an object or person wirelessly using radio waves

NFC

near field communications; a subset of RFID that requires 2 way communication within 5 cm. popular for payment methods

BLE/beacons

bluetooth low energy, continuous low power energy, uses beacons

active RFID tags

battery powered, has improved operating range, costs more than passive tags, range>100m

passive RFID tags

doesn't need battery power, activates itself and transmits data using power generated by radio waves from the RFID reader, range is < 3m

apple airtags

pings every phone if you lose something and alerts the tag to hone in on the location of the item. uses beacons

food safety

RFID can track the food's location at every point and be recorded with blockchain to record each thing that happens to the food

cloud computing

the on-demand delivery of computing power, database, storage, applications, and other IT resources via the internet with pay-as-you-go pricing

virtualization

simulating a hardware platform, operating system, storage, and network resources. most important part of cloud computing

benefits of cloud computing

agility, elasticity, cost

IOT segments

wearables, smart home devices, smart cities, smart industry

information value loop

create, communicate, aggregate, analyze, act

pittsburgh surtrac

using software for traffic control

types of data

public, enterprise (financial, suid, internal comms, contracts), confidential (ssn, dl#, educational records)

data breach

when a combination of name and other identifying information/confidential information (personally identifiable information/PII) is hacked and released

nation states

interested in intellectual property/sabotage

hacktivists

interested in brand damage, ideological views

cyberterrorists

interested in data destruction

cybercriminals

interested in financial gain

3rd party cookies

generated by a 3rd party, typically an advertising company, that is affiliated with the website you're visiting (tracking cookies)

phishing

attempts to trick internet users into thinking a fake but official looking website/email is legit

ransomware

a type of hack that prevents users from accessing their system and the hacker makes the user pay to get access back

deepfakes

faking a person

arpanet

the research project funded by the department of defense that led to the internet

internet protocol suite

application, transport, network, link, physical

hypertext transfer protocol is successful because

it makes a connection, http requests a file, html file responds, WEB BROWSER CLOSES CONNECTION

tcp

transmission control protocol. guarantees the delivery of information

ip

internet protocol. defines how data is routed across the internet