WHAP Concept Questions

song dynasty which used methods like confucianism, bureaucracy, mandate of heaven, and civil service exam to justify rule

decentralized with warlords controlling parts of the land and economy, often led to conflicts between families

chinese cultural traditions like filial piety continued and dominated other states (Japan & Korea)

philosophy that provides structure to a society, older generations are respected by younger generations

originated in india as an alternative to hinduism, several branches including theravada & mahayana, spread to east & southeast asia

a largely agrarian society supported by peasant labor & champa rice, grand canal expanded commerce, led to production of highly sought out goods and urbanization of the region

champa rice, grand canal, porcelain, gunpowder, etc. lead to increased production, long distance trade, and innovations in other areas

dar al-islam refers to all territory under the rule of islam, originated in the arabian peninsula, the golden age was ushered by muhammad's death, largely tolerant to other religions but heavily dominated by islam

controlled by the abbasid family with capital in baghdad, expansion through military conquests and conversion to islam (spain, africa, southeast asia, ect.)

fragmentation and emergence of new islamic states such as mamluks & seljuks

small part in military conquests, primarily spread to merchants & missionaries along long-distance trade routes

muslim states encouraged intellectual innovations through religious tolerance, allowed scholars from multiple cultures to produce significant advancements in several fields

long distance trade, missionary work, location, etc. allowed the muslim world to come collectors & distributors of past or current learning (house of wisdom, greek/roman philosophy)

reawakening of the renaissance, rediscovery of greek/roman works, north africa developed new centers of learning, indian ocean led to the spread of maritime navigational technology

hinduism focused on reincarnation and instituted a strict caste system, the diversity of india would allow for emergence of new belief systems

the values islam placed on equality overpowered and influenced many lower castes to change religion, syncretic belief systems like sufism emerged

cross cultural interactions due to trade across indian ocean, contribution to the spread of belief systems (hinduism), raja = kings, sanskrit and indian temples were adopted

vijayanagara = hinduism & delhi sultanate = islam (tolerance of religion), religion justified rule

the government used religion to justify rule, hinduism was used at first until islam & buddhism entered, khmer, majapahit, etc.

states expanded empires via military conquest, religion, and centralized economic systems to dominate smaller states, new states (inca, mesa verde, etc)

incas conquered people for labor on projects (mita system) & aztecs used tributary systems, centralized economic planning

islam & long distance trade brought rise to states (great zimbabwe & mali), highly developed urban centers will develop in eastern africa

religion = islam via long distance trade, muslim merchants brought language, ideas, & products (ivory/gold), syncretism or bantu language with arabic

decentralized via feudalism because of weak monarchies and strong nobility, land = power which led to exchangement and usage from lower classes

manorialism (division of land), self sufficient, serfs provided labor and lords provided protection

three classes (clergy, warrior, worker), inequality with little social mobility, serfs/serfdom (tied to the land)

dominated by 2 types (roman catholicism w/pope & eastern orthodox w/patriarch), muslims, pockets of judaism

network of eurasian trade routes, connected india/central asia/east africa/ europe, facilitated economic/cultural/political/religious interactions

long distance trade led to an increased and expansive range of trade, led to growth of powerful new trading cities, kashgar & samarkand

innovations in already existing transportation/commercial methods, caravanserai, bills of exchange, paper money

luxury goods like porcelain, silk, spices traded from asia, iran, europe, india, etc.

increased & expanded trade/trade routes, cross cultural exchange for culture and religion, knowledge/innovations like gunpowder spread from china

mongols sack baghdad, end of golden age, song dynasty, height of mongols, long distance trading, cross cultural exchange

genghis khan united the various mongol tribes, skilled archers and horse riders (speed, adaptation, destructive), used conquered to further develop their empire, conquered iran, russia, china, middle east, etc.

mongol peace, used for the trade routes to make it safe, political and diplomatic ties became strong, renewed use of silk roads, cross cultural exchange likes number systems and medical knowledge

temujin divided empire to four khanates, assimilated many aspects of the culture, introduction of new traditions likes paper innovations and uyghur script

increased demand of consumer goods via innovations like the compass and astrolabe

environmental knowledge about monsoons, either helped or stopped voyages

growth of states (swahili & malacca)

communities were set up where introductions to cultural traditions were facilitated (arab & persian)

chinese admiral who led explorations to establish tributary systems, transfers of culture and technology, demonstrated china's military, political, and economy

zheng he voyages, heightened connectivity across afro eurasia from long distance trading, cultural syncretism and diffusion of innovations, china's power and then its isolation

encouraged long distance trading with camels and its innovation, saddles which allowed more goods to be transported

spread of islam and exchange of goods, slaves/gold/ivory for clothes/horses/salt

increased trade led to wealth and states expanded (mail & ghana), facilitated communication & trade

mansa musa's pilgrimage, represents the wealth and power of the new states along the trade routes, islam spreads along with learning and knowledge

cross cultural interactions led to syncretism in literature, art, and traditions (buddhism/islam/hinduism)

diffusion of scientific/technological innovations, gunpowder, algebra, greek/roman philosophy

marco polo & ibn battuta, writing about travels made areas popular and worthy of interest in products/knowledge/lifestyles

islamic scholar who traveled and wrote about his accounts, published and shed light on the different aspects of the social/political/cultural history of the muslim world

spread of crops & diseases, bubonic plague/terrace farming in china

bubonic plague across afro eurasia, beginning of connectivity, fostered diffusion of knowledge/diseases/crops/etc

use of gunpowder, cannons, armed trade, etc. to establish large empires in both hemispheres

the fall of the mongol khannate on the arabian peninsula allowed the ottoman royal family to lead turkic nomads to central asia, dominated the muslim world with gunpowder, expanded to the balkans and north africa, conflict with the safavid

ottomans seize constantinople, beginning of the land based empires using artillery to expand and maintain control, ottomans push into europe with muslim technology (cuts off access to trad routes and leads europe to look elsewhere)

mughal established in india after the defeat of the delhi sultanate, were sunni, akbar united much of the indian subcontinent with religious tolerance, islamic art and architecture flourished

broke free of the mongol empire, princes of moscow eliminated authority from local princes, ivan the terrible centralized authority and named himself czar, expand eastward into the region of siberia

safavid family consolidated power over iran, established the shi'a sect of islam as the official religion of their empire, modernized army and long distance trading, conflicts with ottomans and surrounded on all sides led to little to no expansion

manchus from the north invaded and claimed the mandate of heaven, chinese population saw the manchu rule as foreign, followed the previous dynasty's example, confucianism, arts and expansion

recruitment and use of bureaucratic elite and development of military professionals, result. of centralization of power and control over population/resources, ottoman devshirme

religion, art, and architecture (divine rights of kings, palace of versailles, & taj mahal)

tax farming and tribute collection to generate revenue and continue state power and expansion, mughal's zamindars

rebirth of greek-roman culture, reflected the spirit of individualism and encouraged secularism, largely due to interconnectivity from pax mongolica and dar al-islam

martin luther's 95 theses argued against the RCC of selling indulgences and corruption amongst the clergy, reformation would spread across europe and creates a religious schism, political leaders use this reform as a means to centralize and further authority

ottoman-safavid and thirty years war, represents ongoing wars between religions (schisms), masks a political struggle of power and control

syncretism between hinduism and islam, society was a mix of hindus and muslims

knowledge, science, and technology from middle east and china facilitated european developments and innovation

production of new tools, ships, and improved understanding of wind/currents (caravel, magnetic compass, star charts, etc)

due to ottoman empire denying access to goods, portugal funded development of navigational technology to establish a trading post empire,

spanish sponsored the voyages of columbus and other voyages, established colonies in the americas, led to a dramatic increase of european interest in transoceanic travel and trade

christopher columbus sailed the ocean blue, represents the beginning of maritime empires, establish new trade routes, slow rise of european power

crossings to find an alternative sailing routes for asia were sponsored by the english and french, eventually established colonies in america, french focused on fur

exchange between europe and america, led to the trade of diseases (one sided and devastation of population), fauna, and flora

many foods from the americas became a staple in various part of the eastern hemisphere, led to higher life expectancy and growth in population (yams & potatoes)

majority of crops (rice & sugarcane) were brought to colonize and profit off of the land, majority of the animals (horses & cattle) were brought to use for colonization and help on farms

migration occurred through two fronts, forced = african slaves (work on plantations) & willingly = european (wealth and power)

unintentional transfers of diseases through mosquitoes & rats devastated the population of native americans (smallpox)

used lethal and horrific methods, conquistadors will wage war against indigenous populations (francisco pizarro), coerced labor systems to extract natural resources

fall of inca empire to pizarro, represents the domination from maritime empires, spain will take control of america which is one of the largest silver deposits, east asia will commence isolation

newly developed economies in the americas depended on agriculture, forced labor systems for extraction of natural resources (silver, hacienda/encomienda)

fostered the growth of states in africa, kingdom of kongo, participation in trade networks led to an increased influence

attempts from european powers to establish commercial relationships led to arrival of missionaries, conversion of culture and religion, isolationism and restrictions on interactions with outsiders

disruption and restructuring from european powers portuguese), continued to flourish from asian merchants (javanese)

forced migration of millions led to a spread of african culture, languages/traditions/beliefs emerged (voudon)

economic system that attempted to develop a positive balance of trade, identified wealth as a finite number, practices and policies were used by european rulers to expand and control, tariffs/joint stock companies, competition between empires

british and dutch east india companies founded, represented the era when european maritime powers began to dominate the world economy, develop of new economic systems (mercantilism)

fourth long distance trade route is established, connected americas with afro eurasia, movement of raw materials/manufactured goods/enslaved people (middle passage), triangle trade

kidnapping and export of millions (particularly men) led to a majority female population (introduction of polygyny), european use of chattel slavery increased intertribal warfare, population in africa did not decrease due to introduction of new food crops from the americas

global circulation of goods was facilitated by european monopoly companies, the flow of silver was vital in purchasing asian goods, regional markets and shipping flourished

due to the movement of labor (enslaved people) cultures of american/african/european mixed, increased interactions furthered development and conflicts of religions (vodoun)

peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified as demands grew (china-silk)

state expansion and centralization led to resistance from social/political/economic groups (pueblo revolts & metacom's war)

challenged existing authorities in the americas (maroon societies)

many states adopted practices to accommodate diversity or utilized their subjects (ottoman & mughal), other states suppressed diversity or limited roles (expulsion of jews in spain)

imperial conquests and economic opportunities led to the formation of new political/economic elites (casta system)

power of existing elites fluctuated due to challenges to their ability to affect policies of monarchs/leaders (boyars)

major change in european thought that studied the natural world, questioned accepted beliefs

newton publishes his universal law of gravitation, represents the end of the scientific revolution (scientists focus on fields), laws of science would inspire the enlightenment

science started to predict and explain phenomena, celebrated the power of human reason and argues rational thought would progress society and life

baron de montesquieu write the spirit of the laws, represents the height of enlightenment as logic and reasoning was used for society, book was about separation of powers/abolition of slavery/preservation of civil liberties