Ap Psychology Unit 11: Developmental Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

chemicals and viruses that can carry through the mother, reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and causing it harm.

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus

Concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Adapting our current understandings(schemas) to incorporate new information.

Piaget's theory(Birth to 2 years); The stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Piaget's theory(2 to 6/7 years); The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Changing the form of something does NOT change its amount, volume, or mass. Kids in pre operational stage do not understand this.

Piaget's theory of the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. Seeing the world from only their point of view. Cannot “put themselves in other shoes” (buzzword for the pre-operational stage)

Piaget's Theory(6/7 to 11 years); The stage during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Children do understand conversation here and are less egocentric. They understand the concepts of reversibility and comprehend mathematical transformations.

Piaget's Theory(12 years onward); The stage during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display

An emotional tie with another person is shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation.

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Human development is based on our social experiences throughout life - interactions and relationships. Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

Babies learn to TRUST their caregivers if needs are met. When needs are not met babies do not learn to trust others and stay fixated on this stage.

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently so they can practice new skills and knowledge; failure to do so causes shame and self-doubt

Young children learn about the world through exploring on their own initiative, leading to ambition and purpose. Too many failures can lead to feelings of guilt for trying to become independent as well as fear of trying new things.

students should be encouraged to use new tools of society to prepare for adult work, this develops a sense of industry. If too little is expected from the child or they receive too much criticism they develope a sense of inferiority. This can lead to poor work habits, avoidance of competition, and inability to cope with later tasks

when teens become certain about who they are, in terms of goals, attitudes and values. Role confusion happens when other people do not confirm that a teen is who they believe they are.

When a young adult trusts “they can lose and find themselves in another” leads to being able to find a successful romantic relationship and life partner. Isolation occurs if the young adult feels others cannot be trusted in an intimate way. They can’t open up to others

feeling that the adult is contributing to the next generation, through their family, their career, or by providing for others. Stuckness or self-absorption can occur when a person only cares about themselves

adults see their life as unique and meaningful. Despair comes with feelings of regret about the way one’s life was lived and causes anxiety about the end of life.

He claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development (the process by which children develop proper attitudes and behaviors towards other people in society)

Individuals don’t follow the conventions of society. Decisions are made based on if they will be punished or rewarded.

individuals do the right thing because society benefits and the world is a better place. Decisions are motivated by laws and what people will think of you.

individuals consider universal ethical principles. “Laws have limits”. Decisions are based on principles like Justice, human rights, and caring for others.

A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.

Falsely believing that actions cannot be reversed or undone. Children at the pre operational stage assume this.

Representing tangible things with words and images. (Children have this by age 3).

The tendency to assign living characteristics to inanimate objects (children in the pre operational stage do this)

Imagine outcomes without having to carry out the actions. (Understand during formal operational stage) buzzword for the formal operational stage

if a person is given an equation to solve, this way of thinking allows them to think about what the solution might be, before attempting to solve it. Helps with decision making. (Have during formal operational stage)

‘thinking about thinking,' or the purposeful recognition, awareness, and even control of one's personal thought processes. (Happens during formal operational stage)