Exam 3 Study Guide

transcription is the process of genes being transcribed into ( )

Which is NOT one of the nucleotides found in RNA: adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

where does translation take place within the cell

which type of RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins

which type of neoplasms grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health

RNA molecules are ( ) stranded

DNA molecules are ( ) stranded

where does transcription take place within the cell

which phase of mitosis involves the chromosomes lining up in the middle of the cell

( ) are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins

halves the number of chromosomes

restores the number of chromosomes

4

the father of modern genetics

meiosis, fertilization, gametes

if an individual is homozygous recessive for a trait, what would their allele combination look like?

this type of cell has one set of chromosomes

this type of cell has two sets of chromosomes

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

tightly packed DNA, two sister chromatids that are joined together

assemble new strands of DNA at primers using nucleotides. Like a printer, catch mistakes during DNA replication

beneficial, neutral, or harmful

permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome

Nucleotide may be moved or deleted, Extra nucleotide may be added, Replicated DNA that isn’t like parent strand

Chemical exposure, infectious agents, direct damage to DNA

chemical that permanently changes DNA

Process of copying a gene into RNA form

this process makes 3 types of RNA (rRNA, tRNA, mRNA)

Using mRNA to build proteins from amino acids

this process makes a protein

ribosomal RNA

transfer RNA

messenger RNA

segments of DNA that contain information about certain traits

nucleus

cytoplasm

segments of genes that are removed from newly made mRNA strands because they do not code for proteins

segments of genes that code for proteins

regions of noncoding DNA at the ends of chromosomes

They act as a cushion to protect genes in DNA, they shorten when cells divide and when they’re too short the cell dies, causes organisms to get weak with age

is the same

grow fast, spread, and are dangerous to the organism's health

don’t spread, grow slowly, don’t negatively affect health.

Major mistakes that can’t be fixed by checkpoint genes can trigger this; Self destruct button that starts cell death

mitosis only

meiosis and mitosis

halves the number of chromosomes

restores chromosome number

different forms of the same gene

reproduction with offspring from two parents, creates genetically unique offspring

single parent copies itself to make offspring, genetically identical offspring

two dominant alleles, often see a mix of the two traits, both traits are present

both alleles aren’t fully dominant or recessive, often get a combo of the two traits

punnett square

Variation in traits, inheritance of traits, selection (encourage, discourage) of traits, time

large scale evolutionary changes over a long period of time, most controversial part of evolution

evolutionary change within a species over a short period of time (like the croatian lizards)

new alleles

studied finches on the Galapagos Islands, best known for the understanding of evolutionary biology, natural selection

the formation of new and distinct species during evolution, ancestral population splits up and form new species

how well a species is suited for a particular environment

a process of gradual change that takes place over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics, change of population