M2 - Basic Computer Principles

Programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve & process data.

Any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.

1. Keyboard

2. Mouse

3. Microphones

4. Barcode readers

5. Touch screens

6. Image scanners

-Any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into a human-perceptible form -Can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, or video

1. Monitors

2. Printers

3. Speakers

The computer takes data from the user and processes it using a machine language of 1s and 0s, known as

✓ Transistor circuit is closed ✓ Current passes through

✓ Transistor circuit is open ✓ No current passes

Each 1 and each 0 represents a

• single unit of data

• made up of eight bits

• amount of memory needed to store one alphanumeric character

To hold all the components in a relatively cool, clean, and safe environment.

To shield the outside environment from the radio frequencies being emitted by the electronic components of the computer.

Largest circuitry board inside the computer

1. CPU

2. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

3. Bus

4. Memory

5. Ports

6. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductors (CMOS)

• Brain of the computer

• Consists of a series of transistors that are arranged to manipulate data received from the software.

CPU meaning

1. To read data from storage

2. Manipulate the data

3. Then move the data back to storage or send it to external devices, such as monitors & printers

First microprocessor was made by Intel in

First microprocessor was called the

Needs 12 cycle to complete 1 basic instruction

1 instruction per cycle

3GHz, 3 thousand million instructions per second

Contains a simple set of instructions for the computer

The microprocessor uses the ___ during the boot-up process of the computer to help bring the computer to life

Oversees the basic functions of receiving & interpreting signals from the keyboard and interchanging information with various ports

Intermediary between the operating system & the hardware.

• Series of connections, controllers, and chips that creates the information highway of the computer

• Provides the connections for the information to flow within the computer

PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect SCSI – Small Computer System Interface AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port USB – Universal Serial Bus

PCI

Small Computer System Interface

Accelerated Graphics Port

Universal Serial Bus

• Used to store information currently being processed within the CPU • Also known as RAM

is short-term storage for open programs

is only temporary, once the PC is turned off, the ___ is wiped clean

• Collection of connectors sticking out of the back of the PC that link:

✓ Adapter cards ✓ Drives ✓ Printers ✓ Scanners ✓ Keyboards ✓ Mouse ✓ Other peripherals that may be used

1. Parallel

2. Serial

3. USB

4. IDE – Integrated Drive Electrons

5. SCSI – Small Computer System Interface

IDE

SCSI

25 pin connector 8 bits of data

9-25 pin connector 1 bit of data

Most common wired connection Multiple devices may be connected into 1 port

Found in the motherboard Connects the hard drive, floppy drive, CD-ROM drive to the board

Fastest & most versatile way for a PC to communicate with its peripherals

Can manage up to 7 devices through a daisy chain connection

1. Hard drives

2. CD-ROM drives

3. Scanners

4. Printers

• Special type of memory chip

• Special type of memory chip

• Also the location of the system clock that keeps track of the date & time

CMOS

System clock uses a vibrating ____ ____ to set the speed for the CPU.

• Contains all the circuitry for recording & reproducing sound on the PC.

Sound card interprets many file types such as:

WAV

MP3

MIDI

• Has a RJ-45 adapter jack at the rear of the PC for a twisted-pair wire with RJ-45 connector

• Comes as an expansion card plugged into a slot or as part of the PC motherboard circuitry

• Enables the PC to connect to other PCs that are on the same network

NIC

• Designed to take the brunt of the force if the computer ever receives a power surge • Delivers all electricity to the PC & contains a fan to help keep the inside cool • Contains transformer that converts AC to DC in the voltages appropriate for each powered device

• Made up of many hard, thin magnetic platters that are stacked one on top of the other with only enough space for a read-write head to glide over the surface of the disks • The disks are spun at a fast speed by a small motor, & The read/write head glides to the area that houses the information needed & reads/writes as asked • Main repository for programs & documents on a PC

Compact Disk

• Thin injection-molded polycarbonate plastic disk • Has microscopic bumps that indicate either a 1 or 0 to the computer • Can hold up to 74 minutes of music or approx. 780 MB of data

Digital Versatile Disk

• Holds up to 7 times more than the CD • Single-sided 9.4 GB • Double-sided 17 GB

1. CD-ROM (Read Only Memory)

2. CD-R (Write Once-read Many)

3. CD-RW (Read And Write Many Times)

Read And Write Many Times • erasable disc that can be reused • The data on a CD-RW disc can be erased and recorded over numerous times.

Read Only Memory • Write Once Read Multiple (WORM) disc. • can only record data once and then the data becomes permanent on the disc.

Read Only Memory • created commercially and cannot save data once they have been created

Peripherals

1. CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

2. LCD – Liquid Crystal Display

3. OLED – Organic Light-emitting diode

4. AMOLED - Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes

AMOLED

OLED

LCD

CRT

• Basic picture element on a display

• Number of pixels on a display • Process or capability to distinguish adjacent parts

The more pixels in an image, the ____ the resolution.

Rectangular or square table of numbers that represents the pixel intensity to be displayed on the monitor Matrix • Measurement of how clos

• Measurement of how close the dots are located to one another within a pixel

The smaller the dot pitch of a display, the finer the resolution.

1. Less expensive

2. Better color representation

3. More responsive

4. Can provide multiple resolutions

5. More rugged and can sustain rough handling

1. Less space

2. Consumes less power

3. Produces less heat

4. Surface produces little or no glare

5. Requires a smaller frame around display

1. Bulky

2. Larger viewing are, the deeper & heavier the unit

3. Not easily adjusted for viewing at different heights & angles

OS

• Software that controls the computer hardware & acts as a bridge between applications & the hardware • Computers must have an __ for it to be able to fully function as it was intended

Real-time OS Single-user, Single-task Single-user, Multitask Multiuser

• Designed for one user to perform multiple functions at the same time, such as the OS on a PC.

• Designed to handle multiple users and multiple tasks at the same time, such as UNIX running on a large server or as a mainframe computer supporting an entire company.

Front desk - File room - RT Workstation - (Console) - Radiologist -Reading Room