ap biology ch 10

Captures light energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules. Photosynthesis nourishes almost all the living world directly or indirectly.

produce organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment.

live on organic compounds produced by other organisms. ( also fungi and prokaryotes)

Leaves

The interior of the leaf, where most chloroplasts are found

microscopic pores in the leaf

inner, outer, and inter membrane, lamella, lumen, thylakoid, stroma, grana/granum

Green pigment in the chloroplasts

process of photosynthesis

convert solar energy to chemical

uses energy from light reactions to make CO2 into sugar

generating ATP using chemiosmosis

No, that only happens in the Calvin Cycle

beginning of carbon cycle, involves incorporating CO2 into organic molecules

metabolic reactions that don't intrinsically require light

form of electromagnetic energy or radiation

entire range of electromagnetic radiation

narrow band between 380 and 750 nm, visible to human eye

particle of light

radiation that drives photosynthesis

measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light.

plots a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength.

which participates directly in the light reactions, absorbs best in the red and violet-blue wavelengths and absorbs least in the green.

has a slightly different absorption spectrum and funnels the energy from these wavelengths to chlorophyll a

can funnel the energy from other wavelengths to chlorophyll a and also participate in photoprotection against excessive light

composed of a reaction-center complex surrounded by several light- harvesting complexes.

organized association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules.

pigment molecules (which may include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bound to proteins.

accepts an excited electron from the reaction center chlorophyll a.

in order of discovery, not in order of when they work

has a reaction-center chlorophyll a known as P680, with an absorption peak at 680 nm.

has a reaction-center chlorophyll a known as P700, with an absorption peak at 700 nm.

Drives synthesis of ATP and NADPH

look at the picture

look at the picture

used same as in a normal cell

water

actual product of Calvin Cycle

Each CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar, ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

Rubisco is the most abundant protein in chloroplasts and probably the most abundant protein on Earth. Used to catalyze carbon fixation

3-phosphoglycerate receives another phosphate group from ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. These are then reduced into 6 G3P, which ends up into a net gain of carbohydrates. Other five are recycled to regenerate RuBP

carbon skeletons of five molecules of G3P are rearranged by the last steps of the Calvin cycle to regenerate three molecules of RuBP. 3 more molecules of ATP are spent, it makes RuBP prepared to receive CO2

dehydration

stomata

They close their stomata, and it leads to a large buildup of oxygen and less increase in CO2 taken in

consumes ATP and doesnt produce sugar. Originally thought to be some kind of evolutionary baggage.

fix CO2 in a four-carbon compound

arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf

minimizes photorespiration and improves sugar production

crassulacean acid metabolism,

store the organic acids they make during the night in their vacuoles until morning, when the stomata close

In C4 plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle are structurally separated. In CAM plants, carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle are temporally separated. Both use Calvin Cycle