Human Nuero final 3 other exams

Septal lesions can cause which of the following?

A. Enhanced aggression

B. Decreased motivation

C. Inability to learn tasks such as mirror-writing

D. Inability to create delcarative memories

E. Increased susceptibility to addiction

Enhanced aggression

Type 2 muscle fibers have __ mitochondria and fatigue __ quickly than type 1 muscle fibers

A. less, more

B. less, less

C. more, more

D. more,less

less,less

Which of the following is true

A. Norephinphrine receptors are expressed on the membranes of muscle fibers, at the neuromuscular junction

B.Primary motor cortex is located on the postcentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

C. An adult muscle fiber is generally targeted by multiple neuromuscular junctions

D.More space in the primary motor cortex is devoted to the hips than to the hands

E. Most lower motor neuron somata are found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

most lower motor nueron somata are found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

Unilateral damage to motor cortex leads to paraylisis mainly on the __ side of the body. Unilatera damage to the spinal cord leads to paralysis mainly on the __ side of the body.

A. Ipsilateral, ipsilateral

B. Contralateral, ipsilateral

C. Ipsilateral, contralateral

D. Contralateral, contralateral

Contralateral, ipsilateral

Which of the following is NOT needed for a muscle contraction?

A. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

B.ATP

C. Actin

D. Myosin

E. Calcium ions

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors Which of t

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Basal ganglia?

A. Reflexes

B. Voluntary movement

C.Skill learning

D motivation and emotion

E informing the thalamus of actions

Reflexes

What structure divides the striatum?

A Internal capsule

B. Caudate

C. Putamen

D. Nucleus accumbens

E. Substantia nigra

internal capsule

Which type of nuerons are concentrated in the substantia nigra, pars compacta (SNc)

A. Dopamine neurons

B. Gluatamate neurons

C. GABA neurons

D. Acetylcholine neurons

Dopamine neurons

The striatum synapses onto the __ and releases __ .

A. Globus padillus pars externa, glutamate

B. Substantia nigra pars reticulate, dopamine

C. Globus padillus pars interna, GABA

D. Cortex, glutamate

E. Substantia nigra pars compacta, dopamine

Globus pallidus pars interna, GABA

The middle cerebellar peduncles are conncented to the?

A. Midbrain

B. Medulla

C. Pons

D.thalmus

E.Telencephalon

Pons

Parallele fibers orginiate from which of hte following?

A.Granule cells

B. Purkinje cells

C. Inferior olive

D. Spinocerebellar tract

E. Dentate nucleus

Granule cells

Which of the cerebellar functional domains receives information on muscle length and tension

A.Spinocerebellar tract

B. Cerebrocerebellum

C.Flocculondular lobe

E Dentate nucleus

Spinocerebellum

Which of the following correctly matches a cerebellar region with an output nucleus?

A. Floculonodular lobe-- Dentate nuclei

B. Spinocerebellum-- vestibular nuclei

C. Cerebrocerebellum --fastigial nuclei

D. vestibulocerebellum--interposed nuclei

E. Lateral cerebellar hemispheres -- dentate nuclei

Lateral cerebellar himisphers-- dentate nuclei

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT control a parasympathetic ganglion?

A. CN 3

B. CN 6

C. CN 7

D. CN 9

E. CN 10

CN 6 (abducens)

What neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons?

A. Acetylcholine

B. Nicotine

C. Epinephrine

D. GABA

E. Norepinephrine

Acetylcholine

Neurons in the ___ control the secretion of digestive fluids?

A. Circular muscle layer of the gut

B. Myenteric plexus of the gut

C. submuscosal plexus of the gut

D. outer serosal layer of the gut

E. logitudinal muscle of the gut

Submucosal plexus of the gut

The enteric nervous system in humans is estimated to contain as many neurons as..?

A. The dorsal root ganglia of a human

B. The human spinal cord

C. the human brain

D. The brain of a blue whale

E. a rock

the human spinal cord

Which of the following is not a conjugate eye movement?

A. vergence

B. vesstibulo-ocular reflex

C. saccades

D. Optokinetic movements

E. Smooth pursuit

Vergence

Which crainal nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

A. Abducens

B. oculomotor

C. Trochlear

D. Optic

E. Trigeminal

Abducens

What system is activated when you rotate your head, but the image on the fovea remains stationary?

A. Vestibular ocular reflex

B. Smooth pursuit

C. Optokinetic nystagmus

D. Saccades

E. Fixation

Vestibular ocular reflex

The internuclear neurons cause which of the following to happen when looking to the left?

A. Cause the left medial rectus to contract

B. Cause the left lateral rectus to contract

C. Cause the right medial rectus to relax

D. Cause the right lateral rectus to contract

E. Cause the right medial rectus to contract

Cause the right medial rectus to contract

In the Papez circuit, the mammillary bodies receive input directly from the __ and then project their axons to the __

A. Hypothalamus via the fornix, septal nuclei

B. Hippocampus via the fornix, anterior nucleus of the thalamus

C. Cingulate gyrus, anterior nucleus of the thalamus

D. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus, fornix tract

E. Anterior nucleus of the thalamus, cingulate gyrus

Hippocampus via the fornix, anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Urbach-Wiethe disease, which results in the bilateral loss of te amygdala, leads to…

A. Extreme irritability

B. decreased feelings of fear

C. confabulation

D. inability to form new declarative memories

E. loss of procedural memories

decreased feelings of fear

Phinease gage experienced perhaps the ultimate job-related injury when a 1-1/2inch iron rod was shot through his skull. What part of the limbic system did it damage?

A. mammillary bodies and anterior nucleus of the thalamus

B. hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

C. Amygdala and anterior temporal lobe

D. Prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex

E. septal nuclei and anterior commissure

Prefrontal cortex and antieror cingualte cortex

In the papez circuit, the mamillary bodies receive input directly from the --- and then project their axons to the ---

Hippocampus via the fornix, anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Golgi tendon organs relay information via__ about __

A. la, weight bearing

B. la, phase of walk

C. la, posture

D. lb, phase of walk

E. lb, weight bearing

lb, weight bearing

How is the subthalamic motor region involved with locomotion?

A. It initiates walking

B. it identifies where the limbs are in space

C. It’s part of the central pattern generator

D. It modulates speed of walking

E. It causes walking to cease ie it switches off the central pattern generator

It modulates speed of walking

What is TRUE about the effects of the brain on locomotion

A. Glutamate is required to initate walking via descending pathways

B. The more intensly the mesencephalic locomotor region is stimulated, the slower the walking speed will be

C. Gait is not modulated by descending pathways

D. The cerebellum only receives information from ascending pathways

Glutamate is required to initiate walking via descending pathways

What is the effect in mice of knocking out the gene for EphA4

A. The axon of an ihibitory interneuron is unable to cross the midline

B. The spinocerebellar tract doesn’t form

C. Motor neuron axons become misguided and attempt to exit the spinal cord via dorsal roots

D. The axon of an excitatory interneuron is unable to corss the midline

E. The left and right legs extend in sychrony

The left and right legs extend in sychrony

Which of the following statements is ture?

A. Ghrehlin release enhances appetite

B. Orexin is released by white fat

C. leptin release increases activity levels, which result in increased feeding

D. Lesions of the lateral hypohtalamus decrease feeding

E. Lesions of the medial hypothalamus increase feeding

Ghrelin release enchaces appetite

What do you expect to see as a result of stimulating the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A. Increased blood pressure

B. Maturation of gametes

C. Maturation of gametes

D. Motor excitation

E. Tiredness

Increased blood pressure

Which of the following is an effect of oxytocin?

A. Slows the progression of labor at the end of pregnancy

B. Reduces milk let-down and ejection in females who have recently borne children

C. Increases the likehood of being dishonest in order to benefit your social group

D. Decreases racist behavior in males

E. Increases promiscuity in males in a monogamous relationship

Increases likelihood of being dishonest in order to benefit your social group

They hypothalamus doesn’t act in isolation. Interactions of the preoptic nucleus with the limbic system might result in which of the following?

A. Hypothyroidism due to decreased

B. Hypothyroidism due to decreased release of thyrotropin-releasing hormone

C. Tightening your belt to reduce your hunger pangs

D. Purchasing four large orders of fries from McDonald’s when you’re really hungry

E. Putting on a sweater when your body temperature drops

Putting on a sweater when your body temperature drops

During the two-point discrimination test, the mean distance which students could discern was 2mm on the index finger and 20mm on the forehead. P value was sig (.03<.05) which of the following statements is true?

A. There was no statistically significant difference between the discrimination of the index finger and the forehead

B. Density of sensory receptors ni the skin of the index finger is higher than that of the sensory receptors

C. The snesory receptors in the forehead have a lower resting membrane potential and therefore they are less sensitive

D. Sensory receptors in the skin of the forehead are significantly less sensitive to pain compared to those on the skin of the index finger

Density of sensory recptors in the skin of the index finger is higher than that of the sensroy receptors in the skin of the forehead

Which statement about the fovea is true

A. There is a high density of rods in this region of the retina

B. This is the region of the retina respoinsible for peripheral vision

C. This is the region of the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye

D. This is the region of the retina responsible for reading vision

This is the region of the retina responsible for reading vision

Which thalamic nucleus is a relay for nucleus for visual stimuli?

A. Medial geniculate nucleus

B. inferior colliculus

C. Lateral geniculate nucleus

D. Superior colliculus

E. Ventrolateral nucleus

Lateral geneiculate nucleus

The inferior colliculus…

A. Is a strucutre in the pons

B. Responds primarily to visual stimuli

C. Is located at the level fo the cerebral aqueduct

D. Can be found at the same level as fasciculus gracilis

E. Is a ventral structre

Is located at the elvel of the cerebral aqueduct

Which of the following is not a structure in the caudal medulla?

A. Sensory decussation

B. Spinal trigeminal nucleus

C. Cuneate fasciculus

D. Cerebral aqueduct

E, Nucleus gracilis

Cerebral aqudeuct

Which of the following forms a prominent gross structure of the rostral medulla?

A. inferior olive

B. Vestibular nuclei

C. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

D. Solitary tract

E. hypoglossal nucleus

Inferior olive

Which sub-region of the striatum is only present rostral to the thalamus?

A. Putamen

B. caudate nucleus

C. Nucleus accumbens

D. Globus pallidus

E. Subthalamic nucleus

nucleus accumbens

The medial geniculate nucleus relays__ inofmation

A. Motor

B. vision

C. hearing

D. Touch and pain

E. olfactory

hearing

Layer 4 of the neocortex receives input from which of the following?

A. superior colliculus

B. Contralateral cerebral cortex

C. olfactory bulb

D. brainstem and spinal cord

E. Thalamus

Thalamus

The two halves of the thalamus are seperated by which space

A. 3rd ventricle

B. 4th ventricle

C. cerebral aqueduct

D. lateral ventricle

E. Interpeduncluar fossa

Third ventricle

All of the following crainal nerves innervate skeletal muscle,]. Which of these crainal nerves innvervates something in addition to skeletal muscle

A. Hypoglassal

B. Glossopharyngeal

C. Abducens

D. Spinal accessory

E. Trochlear

Glossopharyngeal

Injury to the trigemnial nerve would most likely result in impairment in which of the following?

A. Salivating

B. Smiling

C. Balancing

D. Swallowing

E. Chewing

chewing

Which of the following is FALSE?

A. The glossopharyngeal nerve detects blood pressure in the carotid artery

B. The vagus nerve senses blood oxygenation in the aortic arch

C. parts of the optic nerves cross the midline on the ventral surface of the brain

D. The trigeminal nerve exits the dorsal surface of the brain

E. The oculomotor nerve innervates the inferior rectus

The trigemnial nerve exits the dorsal surface of the brain

Which is NOT a function of the facial nerve?

A. Innervating skeletal muscle

B. Special sensation of taste

C. general sensation near the ear

D. sensing of blood oxygenation and CO2

E. Autonomic input to nose, eyes and mouth

Sensing of blood oxygenation and CO2

Which of the following is True?

A. Golgi tendons sense muscle length

B. TRPV1 light mechanical stimuli and temperatures between 31 and 40 degrees C

C. The main somatosensory nerve for the head is the facial nerve

D. Dorsal roots contain both motor and sensory axons

E. The axons of thalamic neurons do not cross the midline as they project to the somatosensory cortex

The axons of thalamic neurons do not cross the midline as they project to the somatosensory cortex.

Damage to the __ of the thalamus could impair the relay of somatosensory information to the cerebral cortex

A. Lateral geniculate nucleus

B. Medial geniculate nucleus

C. Ventral posterior lateral nucleus

D

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus

Neurons that sense vibration and light touch

A. Have axons that are usually unmyelinated

B. Terminate in free nerve endings in the skin

C. have primary afferent cell bodies located ini muscles

D. Have axons that ascend through the dorsal columns

E. Frequently also sense itch

have axons that ascend through the dorsal columns

Which of the following accuratley describes Piezo2?

A. It responds to noxious heat and capsaicin

B. It has a G-protien coupled receptor

C. it has two subunit arms

D. It can form a channel through which ions pass, causing the cell to depolarize

E. The nobel prize was awarded for its discovery in 1921

It can form a channel through which ions pass, causing the cell to depolarize

Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray results in

A. Increased muscle tone

B. Decreased visual acuity

C. altered hearing

D. analgesia

E. increased pain perception

analgesia

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Mechanical nociceptors have large receptive fields

B.TRPV1 is activated by tempratures between below 0 degrees C

C. persistent pain leads to a smaller nocieptive response

D. Stimulating the rostral ventromedial medulla can facilitate pain

E. Pain afferents generally have high conduction velocities

Stimulating the rostral ventromedial medulla can facilitate pain

Which of the following type of pain can be characterized as outlasting the duration of healing?

A. Chronic pain

B. Persistent pain

C. acute pain

D. nociceptive pain

Chronic pain

Complete the sentance correctly. Rods…

A. aid in the detection of motion

B. are less sensitive than cones to light intesity

C. synapse directly onto ganglion cells

D. provide information about color to the brain

E. are important for high acuity vision

aid in the detection of motion

Which of the following statements is false?

A. In the dark, photoreceptors are depolarized

B. Zinc deficiency can lead to night blindness

C. amacrine cells enhance contrast through lateral interactions

D. The highest desity of cones is in the fovea

Amacrine cells enchance contrast through lateral interactions

Which of the following is an attribute of an M-type cell

They are important for motion perception

Which of the following is TRUE?

A. The highest density of cone photorecptors is located at the head of the optic nerve

B.Retinal ganglion cells synapse in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

C. in the visual cortex, inputs from the thalamus synapse in layer 2

D. the visual cortex mediates the pupillary light reflex

E. Strabismus lead sto all layers of the visaul fortex being binocular

Retinal ganglion cells synapse in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Axons in the temporal retina __ cross in the optic chiasm, axons in the nasal retina -- cross in the optic chiasm

A. don’t, do

B. do, don’t

C. do, do

D. Don’t, don’t

don’t, do

Which gives the correct path visual information takes to get to the thalamus?

A. optic tract, optic nerve, lateral geniculate

B. optic tract, lateral geniculate, optic nerve

C. optic nerve, lateral geniculate, optic tract

D. optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geniculate

E. lateral geniculate, opotic tract, optic nerve

Optic nerve, optic tract, lateral geneiculate

Cutting the right optic tract would be expected to result in?

A. Loss of central vison

B. loss of peripheral vison

C. loss of right half of one’s visual field

D. loss of the left half of one’s visual feild

E. Loss of the lower halves of both visual fields

Loss in the left half in on’s visual vield

Which o fthe following statements is FALSE?

The cell bodies of vestibular afferents are found in the sprial gnaglion

Supose a tone with a frequnecy of 110hz resonates 2 mm from the apex of the cochlea, a tone with a frequency of 440 hz resonates 5 mm from the apex of the cochlea, where will a tone with a frequency of 1760 hz resonate?

8 mm from the apex of the cochlea

Which is NOT a cranial nerve nucleus that the vestibular nuclei project to?

CN 5, trigeminal

If the stapes was removed from the ear, vibrations from sound would not be passed directly onto the…

oval window

The cell bodies of the primary afferent neurons that sense smell are located in which of the following?

Nasal epithelium

How many odorant receptors are expressed by each olfactory primary afferent neuron?

1

Which cranial nerve provides taste senestaion in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Facial

T2-type taste receptors are involved with sensing which of the following tastes?

Bitter

Which of the following histochemical staning methods is most helpful for visualzing dendritic spines?

Golgi stain

Which brain region is the most likely location for the drawing of the cell shown below?

Cerebellum

What brain region is shown in the Nissil-stained image below

Hippocampus

Neurons have a large amount of nissle substance that can be stained with dyes like cresyl violet. What cell structure makes up this substance?

Rouch endoplasmic reticulum

The resting memebrane potential of a neuron is closest tot eh equilibrium potential of which of the following ions?

Potassium

What is responsible for the rising phase of the neuronal actoin potential?

Voltage-gated sodium channels

Why do changes in the concentration of extracellular sodium affect the resting membrane potetial less than changes in the concentration of extracellular potassium?

There are more potassium channels in the neuronal membrane

Which of the following is NOT a gilal cell type

Parietal cells

What plane of sectioning would divide the rostral part form the caudal part of the cerebral cortex?

Coronal

In the peripheral nervous system, gropus of neuronal somata are called __, and bundles of axons are called --

Ganglia, nerves

The two hemispheres of the brain are separated by which of hte following?

Interhemisphereic fissure

What does ectoderm give rise to?

Skin, nervous system

What occurs during the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

Mitosis no longer occurs

The __ induces the __ to become the neural plate

mesoderm, ectoderm

The basal plate develops into __ neurons __ the spinal cord.

motor, exiting

Pick best answer. What structure produces most of the cerebrospinal fluid?

Choroid plexus

What is major result of the CSF not draining properly?

Hydrocephalus

The cerebral aqueduct allows cerebrospinal fluid to move directly from the __ ventricle to the __ ventricle?

third, fourth

In principle, there are multiple sites from which CSF could be sampled. From which of the following sites is the sampling LEAST likely to result in damage to the CNS?

the space between the L3 and the L4 vertebra

The anterior cerebral artery primarily supplies blood flow to which of the following?

midline of the cerebral cortex

What do the dural venous sinuses drain into?

Internal jugular vein

The right ventricle pumpls __ blood to the __

deoxygenated, lungs

What alleviates decreased oxygen to the brain

Vasodilation

Synthesis of mRNA from DNA in the nucleus is a process called…

Transcription

What mechanism moves microtubules and neurofilaments away form the cell body?

Slow anterograde transport

Nissl substance is composed of which of the following?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?

Increases axonal conduction velocity

What is the resting membrane potential?

about -70mv

Which of these comes first during an action potential?

Depolarization of the cell to its threshold

Which of the following is a result of the refractory period?

Ensures that the action potential is only propogated in one direction

Which of the following has the greatest effect on axonal conduction velocity?

Diameter of the axon