Biology Unit 5 (Regulation) Test Review

A thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell that regulates what can enter and exit the cell

Rigid structures outside the cell membrane that protect and support the cell

Controls cellular activities and holds genetic material (chromatin and chromosomes)

Help chromosomes separate during cell division

Carry out protein synthesis. Can be “free” or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

The powerhouses of the cell, they convert food to usable energy

In plants, they act as a solar panel to capture energy from the sun for photosynthesis

Provide structure and support for the cell as well as transportation for the things inside it

Loose DNA (like a bowl of ramen)

Tightly-wound DNA (like frozen ramen)

Chloroplast, cell wall, plastid

Centrioles, lysosomes

1. To create new cells

2. So the organism grows bigger

3. To repair after an injury

G1, S, G2, M

Growth

DNA synthesis (the DNA gets copied)

Growth and preparation for mitosis

Mitosis (cell division)

The period in which the cell prepares for mitosis (basically, it’s all the phases of the cell cycle except for mitosis).

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

The first stage of mitosis, when spindle fibers from centrioles attach near the center of the chromosome

The second stage of mitosis, when chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell, each connected to a spindle fiber

The third stage of mitosis, when sister chromatids separate and get moved to opposite sides of the cell

The fourth stage of mitosis, when separated chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell as two new nuclear membranes form

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, when the cell membrane pinches in half to form 2 new cells

Internal = inside the cell

External = outside the cell

A disease of the cell cycle in which cells are unable to regulate it

Increase in amount of cells, specialization of cells into specific cell types

The process in which cells specialize using different parts of their DNA as the “instructions”

Eggs and sperm cells, each with half the full amount of chromosomes, that combine to produce a zygote with the full number of chromosomes

A fertilized egg with the full amount of chromosomes

A “regular” cell in the body, has the full amount of chromosomes

Un- or partially-differentiated cells, have the full amount of chromosomes

When blood sugar levels get too high, the pancreas releases insulin, which acts as a key to let glucose into cells to be converted into ATP

A chronic (long-lasting) health condition in which the body either doesn’t make enough insulin or doesn’t use it properly

A type of diabetes in which the pancreas makes little to no insulin

A type of diabetes in which cells don’t respond to insulin properly

A type of diabetes that happens during pregnancy

Heart disease, kidney disease, vision loss

The maintenance of stable internal conditions in an organism

A stimulus causes a signal to be sent to trigger a response

A response that maintains the current direction of the stimulus.

Example: blood clotting

A response that changes the direction of the stimulus.

Example: thermoregulation

A hormone that signals the liver to release stored glucose (glycogen) into the bloodstream when blood sugar levels are too low

Glucose that’s stored in the liver to be used when needed

Region of the brain that regulates certain bodily functions, including maintaining blood sugar levels/homeostasis