Biology reviewer

The ability to do work or cause change.

an organic molecule used for short-term energy storage and transport in cells.

The reaction of an organic chemical with water to form two or more new substances, often involving the cleavage of chemical bonds.

The reversible process of converting ATP to ADP and vice versa, where ATP stores energy and ADP needs to be recharged to be used as a power source.

The transfer of energy from one chemical reaction to another, where an energetically favorable reaction (exergonic) is linked with an energetically unfavorable reaction (endergonic).

A reaction where energy is released to the surroundings, with the bonds being formed stronger than the bonds being broken.

A reaction where energy is absorbed from the surroundings, with the bonds being formed weaker than the bonds being broken.

A simple sugar and an important source of energy in cells.

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a protein.

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP.

The process of generating ATP through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

the uncharged form of ATP that needs to be recharged to regain its energy.

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy

ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) + energy → ATP + H20

Chemical reactions during photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose, taking place in the stroma.

A plant enzyme which catalyzes the fixing of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis by catalyzing the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP.

An organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, reacts with carbon dioxide to form 3-PGA.

RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP, which forms a six-carbon compound that is immediately converted into two three-carbon compounds.

ATP and NADPH use their stored energy to convert the three-carbon compound, 3-PGA, into another three-carbon compound called G3P

One of the G3P molecules leaves the Calvin cycle to contribute to the formation of the carbohydrate molecule which is commonly glucose

The process through which light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in sugar and other molecules.

One of the two major modes by which organisms acquire organic compounds for energy, where they are unable to make their own food and live on compounds produced by other organisms.

Organisms that are unable to make their own food and live on compounds produced by other organisms.

Tiny openings on the surface of leaves that allow gases, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, to enter and exit.

Organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.

Stacks of thylakoid sacs found within chloroplasts.

The green pigment found in thylakoid membranes that absorbs light during photosynthesis.

Groups of pigments and proteins located in the thylakoid membranes that initiate the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

The first stage of photosynthesis, which involves the absorption of light energy and the conversion of that energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

The second stage of photosynthesis, which involves the conversion of carbon dioxide into sugar using the energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

A series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane that transfer electrons during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

A transmembrane protein complex that uses the energy from the movement of hydrogen ions to synthesize ATP.

The process by which hydrogen ions move through ATP synthase, allowing the synthesis of ATP.

An energy carrier molecule that is formed during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and is used in the Calvin cycle.

Energy from sunlight that is captured and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

A set of metabolic reactions that occur in the presence of oxygen in a cell to convert chemical energy into ATPs.

A process of cellular respiration where the high energy electron acceptor is neither oxygen nor pyruvate derivatives.

A molecule that accepts electrons during cellular respiration.

a molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.

The first step of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid.

A series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration to produce ATP.

Organelles in eukaryotic cells where aerobic respiration takes place.

A gas produced as a by-product of aerobic respiration.

A molecule produced as a by-product of aerobic respiration.

The process of losing electrons during cellular respiration.

Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

The final products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide, water, and energy, while the end products of anaerobic respiration can include acids, alcohols, gases, and energy.

Aerobic respiration is comparatively longer and more efficient than anaerobic respiration.

The main fuel source for aerobic respiration.

The electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Other electron acceptors that can be used in anaerobic respiration.

The initial source of energy for photosynthesis, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

A green pigment found in plants that is responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis.

Colorful compounds that absorb light from the sun.

Specialized structures in plant cells where photosynthetic pigments are located.

Other pigments in plants that absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot effectively absorb.

The core pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

A pigment similar to chlorophyll a but with a slightly different absorption spectrum.

Pigments that absorb light from violet to greenish-blue range and appear yellow or yellow-orange.

Pigments that give color to flowers, leaves, and fruits and can appear red, purple, or blue.

Pigments that pass along light energy to chlorophyll a and act as antioxidants.

Photosynthetic cells in plant leaves where chloroplasts and pigments are located.