Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior (personal edit)

• Affects alertness and movement.

• stimulates hypothalamus to synthesize horomones

Associated with sexual activity, concentration and attention, moods, and emotions

Failure to synthesize or store pigment

• abnormal nerve pathways to the brain

• quivering eyes and the inability to perceive depth

• three-dimensionality with both eyes

________ (1861) performed an autopsy on the brain of a patient, nicknamed Tan, who had lost the capacity to speak, although his mouth and his vocal cords werent damaged and he could still understand language.

The inability to fall asleep and/or stay asleep.

When the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects

• Recorded with electrodes on the surface of the skull

• can determine changes in brain activity

• function

Produces color computer graphics that depend on the amount of metabolic activity in the imaged brain region

“bridge” that connects the brain to the spinal cord

• handles all unconscious movements and processes (sleeping, breathing, etc.)

contains cytoplasm and the nucleus, which directs synthesis of such substances as neurotransmitters.

A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in information processing throughout the cortex, and especially memory formation in the hippocampus.

Level of consciousness devoted to processes completely inaccessible to conscious awareness

• blood flow, blood filtering by kidneys, secretion of hormones, and lower-level processing of sensations, such as detecting edges, estimating size and distance of objects, recognizing patterns, etc.

Chemicals that can pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood

• wide range of effects from mild relaxation or increased alertness to vivid hallucinations.

Guide the growth of developing neurons, help provide nutrition for and get rid of wastes of neurons, and form an insulating sheath around neurons that speeds conduction.

Shows the brain at work at a higher resolution than the PET scanner

• function and structure

A natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats roughly every 24 hours.

________ produces progressive loss of nervous function and death in a baby.

Psychoactive drugs that activate motivational centers and reduce activity in inhibitory centers of the CNS

• increases activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurotransmitter systems

Characterized by loss of responsiveness to the environment, resulting from disease, trauma, or anesthesia.

Higher-order processes such as thinking, planning, judgment

• receives and processes sensory information and directs movement

consists of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones into your blood

regulates changes in your body temperature, BP, blood sugar, and hormonal levels during the day

neurotransmitter that inhibits firing of neurons

the ability to be aware of and direct one’s dreams,

• has been used to help people make recurrent nightmares less frightening.

An altered state of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility.

hypnotized individuals experience two or more streams of consciousness cut off from each other.

________ block a receptor site, inhibiting the effect of the neurotransmitter or agonist.

decreasing responsitivity to a drug

• include the pineal gland, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland in your brain

• the thyroid and parathyroids in your neck

• the adrenal glands atop your kidneys

• pancreas near your stomach

• testes or ovaries

________ include intense craving for the drug and effects opposite to those the drug usually induces.

The proportion of variation among individuals in a population that is due to genetic causes. (0 to 1)

Mimic a neurotransmitter and bind to its receptor site to produce the effect of the neurotransmitter.

Impulse conduction over a few (perhaps three) neurons.

Analgesics (pain reducers) that work by depressing the CNS

Level of consciousness that is outside of awareness but contains feelings and memories that you can easily bring into conscious awareness.

Psychoactive drugs that reduce the activity of the central nervous system and induce relaxation.

consists of your brain and your spinal cord

has motor neurons that stimulate skeletal (voluntary) muscle

has motor neurons that stimulate involuntary muscles (including heart)

the brain's ability to change, reorganize, or grow neural networks

endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin and helps regulate circadian rhythms

• is associated with seasonal affective disorder

endocrine gland in brain that produces stimulating hormones, which promote secretion by other glands

• TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), which stimulates the adrenal glands

• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), which stimulates egg or sperm production

• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) to help retain water in your body

• HGH (human growth hormone)

endocrine gland in neck that produces thyroxine, which stimulates and maintains metabolic activities

endocrine glands in neck that produce parathyroid hormone, which helps maintain calcium ion level in blood necessary for normal functioning of neurons

endocrine glands atop kidneys

gland near stomach that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar that fuels all behavioral processes

gonads in females and males that produce hormones necessary for reproduction and development of secondary sex characteristics