Ch 9 A&P (week 4)

Processes the kidneys do to help maintain homeostasis

maintain balance of water, electrolytes, and acids in the body, constantly filtering the blood to remove urea, creatinine, uric acid, and other waste, converting waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys

urinary system

consists of kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and urethra

adrenals are part of

endocrine system

genitourinary tract refers to

two body systems: urinary tract and reproductive organs

kidneys constantly filter

blood to remove waste products and excess water

waste is excreted as urine:

95% water

5% urea and other body wastes

the kidney is located in the

retroperitoneal space

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney; contains nephrons

medulla

inner region of the kidney; contains most urine-collecting tubules

nephrons

microscopic functional units of kidneys that produce urine

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped area inside each kidney; collects urine

Ureters

two narrow tubes

transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

urine drains from the ureters into the bladder through ureteral orifices

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular organ; reservoir for urine before it’s excreted; lined with rugae

urethra

tube from bladder to exterior of body; has two sphincters

urethral meatus

external opening of the urethra

prostate gland

part of male reproductive system; surrounds the urethra

female urethra

approximately 1.5 inches long

male urethra

approximately 8 inches long

prostate gland

part of male reproductive system

surrounds the urethra

Urination

voiding or micturition

Urination

requires coordinated contraction of bladder muscles and relaxation of sphincters

Urination

forces the urine through the urethra and out through the urethral meatus

nephropathy

any disease of the kidney

diabetic nephropathy

kidney disease resulting from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus

renal failure

inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions

Acute renal failure

characterized by uremia; can be caused by infection, burns, or dehydration

Chronic kidney disease

buildup of waste in the blood; can be a contributing factor in heart attacks and stroke

End-stage renal disease

kidney failure; final stage of chronic kidney disease; fatal without dialysis or a successful kidney transplant

ectopic kidney

congenital condition; one kidney is located in an abnormal position or has fused with the other kidney

hydronephrosis

dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney or kidneys

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli; red blood cells and proteins leak into urine

renal colic

acute pain caused by a blockage during passage of a nephrolith

pyonephrosis

nephropyosis; discharging of pus of the kidney

polycystic kidney disease

genetic disorder; numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys

renal colic

acute pain caused by a blockage during passage of a nephrolith

renal cell carcinoma

most common kidney cancer in adults

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

rare malignant tumor in young children

nephrolith

kidney stone or renal calculus found in the kidney

ureterolith

stone located anywhere along the ureter

cystolith

stone located within the urinary bladder

hydroureter

distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because of a ureteral obstruction

ureteral obstruction

blockage of one or both ureters; due to congenital abnormality, ureterolith, or other disorders

ureterorrhagia

discharge of blood from the ureter

cystalgia / cystodynia

pain in the bladder

cystocele (prolapsed bladder)

herniation of the bladder through the vaginal wall

interstitial cystitis

chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder

vesicoureteral reflux

backward flow of urine into the ureters from the bladder

vesicovaginal fistula

abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina; creates constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina

neurogenic bladder

interference of the nerve pathways associated with urination; the bladder may empty spontaneously; can also prevent the bladder from emptying properly

benign prostatic hyperplasia

benign enlargement of the prostate gland

prostatism

compression/obstruction of the urethra

prostatitis

inflammation of the prostate gland

epispadias male

opening is located on the upper surface of the penis

epispadias female

opening is in the region of the clitoris

hypospadias male

opening is on the ventral surface (underside) of the penis

hypospadias female

opens into the vagina

urethrorrhagia

bleeding from the urethra

urethrorrhea

abnormal discharge from the urethra

urethrostenosis

urethralstricture; narrowing of the urethra

urosepsis

systemic bacterial infection

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

anuria

absence of urine formation by the kidneys

diuresis

increased output of urine

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine

nocturnal enuresis

urinary incontinence during sleep

nocturia

frequent and excessive urination during the night

oliguria

scanty urination

polyuria

excessive urination

urinary hesitancy

difficulty in starting a urinary stream

urinary retention

inability to completely empty the bladder

edema

excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues

overflow incontinence

continuous leaking from the bladder; the bladder is unable to empty properly; typically from chronic urinary retention

stress incontinence

voiding of urine when running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing

overactive bladder

also known as urge incontinence; bladder muscles contract involuntarily

retention

abnormal retaining of a fluid or secretion in a body cavity

nephrologist

specialist that diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the kidneys

urologist

specialist that diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

urinalysis

examination of urine for the presence of abnormal elements

glomerular filtration rate

blood test; checks kidney function

prostate-specific antigen

blood test; used to screen for prostate cancer; the higher a man’s PSA level, the more likely cancer is present

urinary catheterization

insertion of a tube into the bladder

cystoscopy

examination of the urinary bladder using a specialized type of endoscope

digital rectal examination

palpation of the prostate gland by using a finger

Cystography

x-ray or fluoroscopy examination of the bladder; a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter

Computed Tomography

radiographic imaging of the abdomen

Intravenous Pyelogram

x-ray images of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder using an intravenous contrast medium to clearly visualize the structures

Retrograde Pyelogram

A contrast medium is instilled and caused to flow upward through the urinary tract; usually as part of cystoscopy

KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder)

X-ray study without the use of a contrast medium; also referred to as a flat-plate of the abdomen

Voiding Cystourethrography VCUG

Fluoroscopy used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra

diuretics

medications administered to increase urine secretion

primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt

some foods and drinks (such as coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages) have a diuretic effect

antispasmodics

block the signals that cause urinary incontinence

dialysis

procedure to remove waste products

hemodialysis

most common type of dialysis; waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood; performed on an external hemodialysis machine

peritoneal dialysis

a catheter is inserted into the abdomen and fluid is injected, waste products are removed through the same catheter; repeated several times during the day

aontinuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

provides dialysis as the patient goes about daily activities

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) or automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)

provides dialysis during the night while the patient sleeps