BIO Final

a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid \n element or compound with a definite chemical \n composition and regular internal crystal structure

a solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or \n more minerals

(Each rock has a characteristic mixture of \n minerals, grain sizes, and ways in which the \n grains are mixed and held together)

cycle of creation, destruction, and \n metamorphosis

• Igneous

• Sedimentary

• Metamorphic

\n Most common type of rock in Earth’s crust

Preexisting rocks modified by heat, pressure, and \n chemical agents

\n Deposited materials that remain in place long \n enough, or are covered with enough material for \n compaction, may again become rock

physical break-up of rocks \n into smaller particles without a change in chemical \n composition

selective removal or \n alteration of specific components that leads to \n weakening and disintegration of rock

hydraulically washing out metals \n deposited in streambed gravel by using water \n cannons to blast away stream beds

tunneling into mineral seams \n is very dangerous

• 50% of U.S. coal is strip \n mined.

\n • creates huge holes in the \n earth which fill with \n contaminated \n groundwater.

\n • Surface material is left in \n long ridges called spoil \n banks, because these do \n not contain topsoil, there \n often is no vegetation for \n many years

When an oceanic plate collides with a \n continental landmass, the continental plate \n will ride up over the seafloor and the oceanic \n plate will subduct down into the mantle where \n it melts

Deep ocean trenches mark subduction \n zones

When moist air reaches land \n and is forced to move over a \n mountain range

Cold air mass moving under a warm air mass

Warm air mass moving \n toward a cold air mass

\n Cold front overtaking a \n warm front

any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravitational pull from clouds

rain, snow, hail, sleet

surface and ground water

all water that flows on land

all water below earths surface

ability to flow through pores or cracks

a well with water in it

Can be confined or unconfined

Confined: No confining layers \n between the water table \n and ground level

Unconfined: Impermeable layer between the water table and \n ground level

process by which liquid turns into a gas

the process where water vapor becomes liquid

when water frozen as ice or snow gains heat energy and changes to liquid water

the freezing and thawing of water

the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities, so that it negatively affects its uses

\n Safe to Drink \n Trace chemicals present \n Chloride, iron, manganese

Low turbidity \n Clear color

Safe to drink \n Not aesthetically pleasing

Smells \n Colored \n Affected by \n Microbials (e.g. Giardia, Cryptosporidium) \n Organic & Inorganic chemicals  Chlordane, copper, lead \n

Constant composition \n Low turbidity \n Low color \n Low to No Dissolved \n Oxygen \n High mineral content

Variable \n composition \n Low mineral content \n High turbidity \n Colored \n Dissolved Oxy \n present \n Low hardness \n Taste and odor

released directly from the source

emitted directly into atmosphere

converted to a hazardous form after entering the air and mixing with other air components

result from chemical transformations

Solid particles or liquid droplets suspended in the \n atmosphere

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

Forms when sunlight triggers reactions and \n transformations of gases and aerosols

tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface

fog or haze combined with smoke and other atmospheric pollutants