Endocrine system

a)thyroxine

b) thyroid gland

c) iodine

d) Goiter

a)Glucagon, epinephrine/non-epinephrine, cortisol

b) islet alpha cells of the pancreas secretes glucagon,the adrenal medulla epinephrine/nor-epinephrine and the adrenal cortex secrets cortisol

c)

• glucagon promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

• cortisol promotes the conversion of amino acids to glucose

• epinephrine/norepinepherine promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

a)insulin and thyroxine

b) beta cells of the pancreas secretes insulin and the thyroid gland secretes thyroxine

c)

• insulin increases permeability of cells to glucose; increases glucose uptake

• thyroxine increases cellular metabolism and the cells demand for glucose

a) PTH (parathryoid hormone)

b) parathyroid gland secretes PTH

c) 3 targets:

• kidney is stimulated to reabsorb more calcium ion

• bones are stimulated to release calcium ion

• intestines are stimulated to absorb more calcium ion

Six hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and the target of each of the six hormones:

• TSH: thyroid gland

• ACTH: adrenal cortex

• hGH: most cells,especially bones and muscle

• FSH: ovaries,testes

• LH: ovaries,testes

• PRL: mammary glands

The 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and the target of each of the 2 hormones:

• oxytocin: uterus and mammary glands

• ADH: kidneys

a) hypothalamus

b) inhibiting hormone(IH)

c) releasing hormone(RH)

a) Homeostasis is the body’s attempt to keep all its systems operating within normal limits in a fluctuating environment

b) An endocrine gland produces chemicals(hormones) that are secreted directly into the blood.

c) Negative feedback mechanisms trigger a response that reverses the changed condition; positive feedback mechanisms move the controlled variable even farther away from a steady state.

Type 1 diabetes results from beta cells that are unable to produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes develops when the insulin receptors on the cells do not respond properly to insulin.

a) Anterior pituitary

b)

• promotes protein synthesis by increasing the uptake of amino acids by cells.

• causes a switch in cellular fuels from glucose to fatty acids.

a) calcitonin

b) thyroid gland secretes calcitonin

c) three targets:

• kidney is stimulated to reabsorb less calcium ion

• bones are stimulated to deposit calcium ion

• intestines are stimulated to absorb less calcium ion

a) A condition where a gland is hypo-secreting a hormone.

b) A condition where a gland is hyper secreting a hormone.

a) ADH conserves body water by reducing urine output

b) The posterior pituitary gland releases ADH to the blood.

c) Osmoreceptors are sensory receptors in the hypothalamus that detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood and surrounding extracellular fluid(ECF)

a) The hormone that controls sodium ion homeostasis is aldosterone

b)The gland which secretes this hormone is the adrenal cortex

c) The adrenal glands are located above each kidney. Each adrenal gland is made up of two glands encased in one shell. The outer casing is the adrenal cortex.

a) The three hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex are : cortisol,aldosterone and androgen.

b)

• cortisol stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver, increasing blood sugar

• aldosterone stimulates the kidney tubules to increase the absorption of sodium ions into the blood, water follows, increasing blood volume and then blood pressure

• androgens supplement the sex hormones produced by the ovaries and testes and promote secondary sexual characteristics.

a) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

b) The short- term stress response that is commonly referred to as the fight-or-flight response

c)

• increase in breathing rate

• increase in heart rate and blood pressure

• conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

• dilates pupils

• decreases blood flow to the extremities

a) Cortisol and Aldosterone

b) Adrenal cortex

c)

• aldosterone stimulates the kidney to absorb ions and water,and blood volume and blood pressure increases

• cortisol stimulates protein and fat metabolism,which releases glucose,increasing blood sugar.

• coritisol reduces inflammation

a) Hypothalamus

b) The hypothalamus sends a nerve signal via the sympathetic nervous system to the adrenal medulla

c)

• The hypothalamus secretes ACTH-releasing hormone which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH.

• ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and aldosterone.

Decrease

Increases

Increases

Decrease

Increases

Increase

1. Hypothalamus

2. pituitary gland

3. thyroid gland

4. parathyroid glands

5. adrenal glands

6. pancreas

7. ovaries

8. testes