Topic 1 Cell Biology Review

Theory that states that all organisms are composed of cells, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells

Dial used to initially focus a light microscope on a specimen

The alteration of a cell's morphology and physiology through changes in gene expression

A property of a system that emerges from the interaction of the elements of the system

The synthesis of a functional gene product, often protein, but also rRNA, tRNA or snRna

An increase in physical size

The process in which an organism regulates activities within cells and their bodies to keep conditions stable

Ratio of image size to actual size

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism or within a cell

The part of the microscope that gathers light from the specimen and focuses it to produce a real image

Genus of single-celled ciliated organisms

An approach to science that holds that a complex system can be best understood as the sum of its parts, and that variables can be studied in isolation

In behavioural science, the behaviour that is the consequence of a stimulus

A means of visually indicating the magnification of an image

A degenerative eye disease that has been the target of stem cell research

A relatively undifferentiated cell that can give rise to other types of cells and retains the ability to divide

A level of organisation that emerges due to the interaction of elements

A group of cells with a common function and structure

Molecule that has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

A lipid that prevents the membrane from becoming too fluid and also prevents it from crystallising

Model of the cell membrane in which the phospholipid bilayer is between two layers of protein

Proteins arranged in chains on the membrane to allow the transfer of electrons from one carrier to another

A model conceived by S.J Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972 to describe the observed structural features of biological membranes

Refers to the viscosity of a lipid bilayer of the membrane that allows it to change shape

Proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains

Proteins on the outside of the membrane that allow specific hormones to bind

Molecules that are attracted to water

Molecules that are not attracted to water but are attracted to each other

Proteins imbedded in the phospholipid bilayer

Proteins on the surface of the plasma membrane

The rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane, which depends on the electric charge, size and polarity of the molecule

Two layers of phospholipids arranged so that their hydrophobic tails are projecting inwards while their polar head groups are on the outside surfaces

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Current model of membrane structure that incorporates a fluid mosaic structure in a discontinuous lipid bilayer

Proteins in the plasma membrane that release energy and use it to move substances across the membrane

A theory that some eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living prokaryotes that invaded primitive eukaryotic cells

A nearly universal sequence of nucleotides in DNA that determines the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins

French scientist that proved, among other things, that the emergent growth of bacteria in nutrient broths is due to biogenesis, not spontaneous generation

Old theory that believed on the formation of living organisms from non-living matter

Technique used for the elimination of microbiological organisms to achieve a sterile microbial environment

The stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

A type of asexual reproduction common among prokaryotes where one cell divides giving rise to two cells, each having the potential to grow to the size of the original cell

General term for more than 100 diseases that are characterised by uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells

A membrane that forms midway between dividing plant cells during cytokinesis and later becomes the cell wall

A self-replicating cylindrical organelle that is involved in the process of nuclear division

The region joining the two sister chromatids where it becomes attached to the spindle fibres

Linear strand of DNA bonded to proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genetic information

A family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane, following the division of the nucleus, resulting in two cells in mitosis

The figure formed by the chromosomes in the centre of the spindle during mitosis

Stage in mitosis in which chromosomes be coma arranged at the equatorial plate

Characteristic of malignant tumours of transferring the disease from one organ to another not directly with it

Hollow protein tubes seen during the mitosis of animal cells

The process where a single cell divides into two identical cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes and genetic content as that of the original cell

The ratio between the number of cells in mitosis to the total of cells

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation

A gene that causes normal cells to change into cancerous tumour cells

First stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible as pairs chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears

Two identical strands of DNA joined by a common centromere

Network of filaments that collectively from a mitotic spindle in mitosis. They are involved in moving the chromosomes during nuclear division

Twisting in the opposite direction to the turns of the double helix during the first stage of mitosis

The final stage of mitosis in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around them

Abnormal proliferation of cells, either benign or malignant

Movement of substances across membranes using energy in the form of ATP

(Adenosine triphosphate) energy molecule

A gradient resulting from an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane

Passive movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

The process in which the cell takes in materials from the outside by infolding of the membrane to form a vesicle

The process in which the cell releases materials to the outside by discharging them as membrane-bounded vesicles that pass trough the cell membrane

Diffusion through a membrane that requires a protein

A more concentrated solution relative to another fluid

A less concentrated solution relative to another fluid

Control of the water balance of a living organism

Passive movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

When material is released from a cell

Membrane that allows some substances to diffuse through but not others

Proteins in the plasma membrane that use ATP to move substances across the membrane

A bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products