AP WORLD UNIT 3

the idea that the sun and planets revolved around the earth in epicycles

a polish astronomer who proved that the ptolemaic system was inaccurate, n that the sun (not the earth) was the center of the solar system (heliocentrism)

• observed through sky without telescope

astronomer, engineer, mathematician

• created telescope to observe movement of stars

• confirmed copernicus’ observations / theories

• man enhancing observation thru scientific instruments

• published ideas in starry messenger (1610)

• catholic church bans the books & places him under house arrest

english mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus n formulated the theory of universal gravitation + a theory about the nature of light + laws of motion

way european states n rulers justified absolute authority over kingdoms using religion

• kings authority comes from god, king is accountable only to god for his actions (shouldn’t b questioned)

if copernicus was initiator of sci rev, hobbs was initiator of enlightenment

• argued nature of man is bad, will do the worst to get what he needs

• political power has nothing to do w god, contract between ruler n ruled

• ruled will b loyal if ruler can keep peace n order

• first instance of social contract

successor to hobbes, formulates his own social contract

• argues that all man is good > wants to live

• all men have inalienable rights

• right to life, liberty, property

• leaders rule w consent of gov as long as they maintain those rights

• if not, ppl have the right to rise n replace them

• popular w leaders of american republic

one of the three great thinkers, french, 18th century

• his own version of the social contract: enlightenment idea that political power is explained by an agreement between rulers n ruled

• man was born innocent, society is what corrupts us, reason for corruption is the inequality between rich n poor, rich tricks poor into accepting inequality

• to address this, decisions need to be made by will of the ppl

written by jean-jacques rousseau 1762

• argues against authority of absolute monarchs in europe

• only ppl have absolute authority over the nature n form of gov n monarchs are beholden to the ppl

ppl are ultimate power in society (not king/god)

• nationlism was built off of this, bc ppl r responsible for their own political destiny