Mongols

economy=herding, reliance on animals

steppe

clan groups

middle men in trading

contributed to horse thing

1209-1368

Kublai Khan (1260-1294)

defeat Song: unify through violence (N), peace (S)

development: oil and water, adopt buddhism/Mandarin, more trade, cosmopolitan, coal/gunpowder, resort cities

decline: Black Death 14c, Buddhist monk uprising, various defeats: Japan 1281

Marco Polo 1254-1324

Asia to eastern Europe (along Silk Road)

No Japan and SE Asia: typhoon and strong defeats 1281

No W Europe: defeat by Mamluk turks at Ain Jalut 1260

Expand bc of failing Abbasids, Song and weak Russia

UNITS OF 10

Shamanism (local): lukewarm tho

Islam: convert while assimilating in Il

Confucianism and Buddhism: in China to become more alike

Christianity: don't like Christians bc they won't surrender

Dao: don't like because conflict with Buddhists

small groups convert to other religions throughout empire

iron stirrups

compound bow

bio warfare

domestication and horseback riding

founding: Batu, 1300 military comes, catapult and battering rams, Russia = weak econ

development: extortion/raids/exploit poor, princes benefit as tax collector, church tax exempt, “rule from saddle”

fall: princes gain power and turn

1240s?-1359 height

founding: 1219-1258 founding and seizing, Persia/Mesopotamia, Heulegu, end Abbasids, nomads destroy agriculture

developments: burn Baghdad 1258, heavy tax, trade, bureaucracy, infrastructure, Islam

fall: 1330: assimilation

founding: Changhadai, mongol to 1300s no longer follow orders

development: muslim kingdom, persecute other religions (especially Christian)

fall: internal divide, threats, steady decline, 1705

1279-1368

Peace along Silk Road and strong empires run by Mongols