Chapter 7: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Receptors that open or close an ion channel upon binding a particular ligand.

Receptors that have an enzymatic active site on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and initiate enzyme activity by ligand binding at the extracellular surface.

Receptors that bind a different version of a G-protein on the intracellular side when a ligand is bound extracellularly, causing activation of secondary messengers within the cell.

The set of conditions under which living things can successfully survive.

Two hormones released from the pancreas that regulate blood glucose levels.

A pathway that works by turning itself off using the end product of the pathway, inhibiting the process from beginning, thus shutting down the pathway.

A pathway that involves an end product playing a role, and instead of inhibiting the pathway, it further stimulates it.

The period from the beginning of one division to the beginning of the next in a cell's life cycle.

The two periods that the cell cycle is divided into.

The growing phase of the cell cycle between two cell divisions.

Interphase can be divided into three stages: G1, S, G2.

The most important phase of interphase where the cell replicates its genetic material.

During interphase, every single chromosome in the nucleus is duplicated, and these identical strands of DNA are called sister chromatids.

The structure that holds together the sister chromatids.

The identical strands of DNA formed during chromosome duplication that are held together by a centromere.

Once the chromatids separate, they become full-fledged chromosomes, and each chromosome has its own centromere.

Organelles in cells that convert energy from organic molecules into ATP, the most common energy molecule in the cell.

Control mechanisms in eukaryotic cells that regulate cell division by ensuring proper progression through G1, S, G2, and M phases, and activate when damaged DNA is found.

Two families of proteins that regulate cell cycle progression. An inactive CDK binds a regulatory cyclin to induce cell cycle progression, while CDKs and cyclins are kept separate to inhibit cell cycle progression.

Abnormal growth and spread of cells to other parts of the body.

Mutated genes that can convert normal cells into cancerous cells.

Healthy version of a gene that can become an oncogene if mutated.

Genes that produce proteins to prevent the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells.

Proteins that work with tumor suppressor genes to stop cell growth until damage can be repaired.

Programmed cell death triggered by tumor suppressor genes if damage is too severe to be repaired.

The process of cellular division that occurs in four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The initial phase of the cell cycle, where the chromosomes decondense and become invisible, and the genetic material is called chromatin again.